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"H3O+", "is a candidate for", "future observations" ] ], [ [ "relative isotope abundances", "provide_insights_into", "formation and evolution histories of celestial bodies" ], [ "five stable isotopes of titanium", "used_to_study", "early history of Solar System" ], [ "different nucleosynthetic origins of titanium isotopes", "help_constrain", "Galactic chemical models" ], [ "titanium minor isotopes", "are relatively abundant compared_to", "other elements" ], [ "titanium isotope measurements", "performed_in", "exoplanet atmospheres" ], [ "high-resolution spectroscopy techniques", "remove", "continuum information about planet spectrum" ], [ "signal-to-noise requirements", "estimated_for", "future observations" ], [ "CARMENES spectrum", "used_as", "proxy for exoplanet observed at high signal-to-noise" ], [ "narrow wavelength region", "defined_for", "spectral retrievals" ], [ "wide wavelength region", "defined_for", "spectral retrievals" ], [ "spectral retrievals", "result_in", "isotope 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"NIRSpec", "has", "excellent throughput" ], [ "NIRSpec", "provides", "spectral coverage" ], [ "NIRSpec", "provides", "detector performance" ], [ "NIRSpec time-series mode", "allows", "characterization of exoplanet atmosphere" ], [ "NIRSpec", "enables", "observations with unprecedented sensitivity" ] ], [ [ "dayside brightness spectrum", "is_challenging_to_explain_based_on", "brown dwarf atmosphere models" ], [ "dayside brightness spectrum", "measured_from", "observations spanning ten years" ], [ "observations", "covering", "secondary eclipses and phase curves" ], [ "secondary eclipses and phase curves", "observed_from", "CHEOPS" ], [ "secondary eclipses and phase curves", "observed_from", "TESS" ], [ "secondary eclipses and phase curves", "observed_from", "Spitzer" ], [ "secondary eclipse observations", "observed_from", "ground" ], [ "dayside of KELT-1b", "brighter_in", "TESS passband" ], [ "TESS passband", "compared_to", "Spitzer near-infrared phase curve observations" ], [ "dayside of KELT-1b", "observed_to_be", "extremely dark in CHEOPS passband" ], [ "proposed theories", "attempt_to_reconcile", "discrepancy between TESS and Spitzer bands" ], [ "discrepancy", "between", "CHEOPS and TESS bands" ], [ "TESS photometry from Sector 17", "modeled_with", "new TESS photometry from Sector 57" ], [ "discrepancies in KELT-1b\\'s dayside brightness spectrum", "explained_by", "temporal variability in KELT-1b\\'s albedo" ], [ "temporal variability in KELT-1b\\'s albedo", "likely_due_to", "changes in weather" ], [ "changes in weather", "involve", "variations in silicate cloud coverage on the brown dwarf\\'s dayside" ] ], [ [ "clouds", "present_in", "exoplanet atmospheres" ], [ "chemical species", "not_in", "chemical equilibrium" ], [ "CHEOPS", "provides_data_for", "cloud and gas-phase chemistry understanding" ], [ "JWST", "provides_data_for", "cloud and gas-phase chemistry understanding" ], [ "PLATO", "provides_data_for", "cloud and gas-phase chemistry understanding" ], [ "Ariel", "provides_data_for", "cloud and gas-phase chemistry understanding" ], [ "cloud formation processes", "include", "nucleation" ], [ "cloud formation processes", "include", "bulk growth" ], [ "gas-phase", "interacts_with", "cloud microphysics" ], [ "cloud formation", "modelled_using", "moment method and kinetic nucleation" ], [ "cloud condensation nuclei", "derived_from", "cluster rates" ], [ "TiO2", "thermochemical_data_for", "nucleation rates" ], [ "cloud particle formation", "studied_for", "HD 209458 b" ], [ "cloud formation model", "is", "time-dependent" ], [ "cloud formation", "is", "fast process" ], [ "cloud particles", "formed_in", "local process" ], [ "cloud particle number density", "reaches", "constant values" ], [ "cloud particle volume", "reaches", "constant values" ], [ "TiO2", "confirms", "classical nucleation models" ], [ "surface reactions of SiO and SiO2", "create", "catalytic cycle" ], [ "catalytic cycle", "dissociates", "H2 to 2 H" ], [ "catalytic cycle", "results_in", "reduction of CH4 number densities" ] ], [ [ "exoplanet atmospheres", "observed_as", "deep transit signatures" ], [ "deep transit signatures", "detected_in", "hydrogen Ly-α line" ], [ "deep transit signatures", "detected_in", "metastable helium line at 10 830 Å" ], [ "deep transit signatures", "detected_in", "UV lines of metallic species" ], [ "observational challenges", "complicate", "definitive conclusions about escape process" ], [ "new framework", "models", "transmission spectrum of hydrodynamically escaping atmospheres" ], [ "new framework", "predicts", "far UV to near infrared spectra" ], [ "far UV to near infrared spectra", "for_systems_with", "different planet and stellar types" ], [ "new lines", "used_to_study", "upper atmospheres" ], [ "strongest lines", "contextualized_in", "upper atmospheric structure" ], [ "set of complementary spectral lines", "constrain", "outflow properties" ] ], [ [ "WASP-96b", "is_a", "hot Saturn exoplanet" ], [ "WASP-96b", "has_equilibrium_temperature", "1300 K" ], [ "Hubble/WFC3", "observed", "WASP-96b" ], [ "Spitzer/IRAC", "observed", "WASP-96b" ], [ "VLT/FORS2", "observed", "WASP-96b" ], [ "James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)", "observed", "WASP-96b" ], [ "Early Release Observations (ERO)", "involve", "JWST observations of WASP-96b" ], [ "cloud formation", "explored_in", "WASP-96b atmosphere" ], [ "3D GCM expeRT/MITgcm", "provided", "one-dimensional profiles" ], [ "one-dimensional profiles", "used_as", "input for kinetic model" ], [ "kinetic model", "studied", "formation of mineral cloud particles" ], [ "ARCiS retrieval framework", "applied_to", "WASP-96b transit spectrum" ], [ "clouds", "predicted_to_be", "ubiquitous throughout WASP-96b atmosphere" ], [ "silicate materials", "contribute_to", "cloud particle volume" ], [ "metal oxides", "contribute_to", "cloud particle volume" ], [ "reduced vertical mixing", "settles", "clouds to deeper atmosphere" ], [ "increased cloud particle porosity", "reduces", "opacity of clouds" ], [ "clear molecular features", "observed_in", "cloudy atmosphere" ], [ "WASP-96b atmosphere", "unlikely_to_be", "cloud free" ], [ "HST spectra", "show", "multiple cloudy solutions" ], [ "Spitzer spectra", "show", "multiple cloudy solutions" ], [ "VLT spectra", "show", "multiple cloudy solutions" ], [ "JWST observations", "affected_by", "clouds" ], [ "cloud top pressure", "varies_by", "an order of magnitude" ], [ "NIRISS wavelength range", "probes", "atmospheric asymmetries" ], [ "long-wavelength end of NIRSpec", "may_probe", "atmospheric asymmetries" ], [ "short-wavelength end of MIRI", "may_probe", "atmospheric asymmetries" ] ], [ [ "CaRM", "is a", "semi-automatic code" ], [ "CaRM", "retrieves", "broadband transmission spectra" ], [ "broadband transmission spectra", "of", "transiting planets" ], [ "Rossiter-McLaughlin method", "used_by", "CaRM" ], [ "HARPS", "observations_of", "two exoplanets" ], [ "ESPRESSO", "observations_of", "two exoplanets" ], [ "apparent radius change", "caused_by", "exoplanet atmosphere" ], [ "radial velocities", "computed_over", "wavelength bins" ], [ "wavelength bins", "encompass", "several spectral orders" ], [ "Keplerian motion", "fitted_with", "radial velocities" ], [ "RM effect", "fitted_with", "radial velocities" ], [ "radius ratio", "computed_as_function_of", "wavelength" ], [ "HD 189733b", "transmission spectrum recovered_using", "CaRM" ], [ "WASP-127b", "transmission spectrum recovered_using", "CaRM" ], [ "blue part of the spectrum", "dominated_by", "Rayleigh scattering" ], [ "WASP-127b", "shows", "flat transmission spectrum" ], [ "CaRM", "allows", "minimal user interaction" ] ], [ [ "high-resolution spectrographs", "provide", "view of dynamics and chemistry of exoplanetary atmospheres" ], [ "spectrographs", "located_at", "observatories with apertures larger than 3.5 m" ], [ "FIES", "is_a", "high-resolution spectrograph" ], [ "FIES", "located_at", "2.56 m Nordic Optical Telescope" ], [ "MASCARA-2 b", "also_known_as", "KELT-20 b" ], [ "KELT-9 b", "is_a", "ultra-hot Jupiter" ], [ "Fe II", "detected_in", "MASCARA-2 b transit" ], [ "Fe II", "detected_in", "KELT-9 b transit" ], [ "blueshift", "measured_in", "KELT-9 b" ], [ "high-velocity winds", "transport", "Fe II from dayside to nightside" ], [ "FIES", "demonstrates", "feasibility of investigating exoplanet atmospheres" ] ], [ [ "long-period transiting exoplanets", "provide_insights_into", "formation and evolution of planetary systems" ], [ "long-period transiting exoplanets", "experience", "less radiation from host stars" ], [ "long-period transiting exoplanets", "maintain", "more original atmospheres" ], [ "transmission spectroscopy", "probes", "atmospheres during transit" ], [ "surveys", "performed_by", "Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)" ], [ "surveys", "performed_by", "Next Generation Transit Survey (NGTS)" ], [ "TESS mission", "found", "single-transit candidate" ], [ "TOI-4862 system", "monitored_using", "photometric instruments" ], [ "TOI-4862 system", "monitored_using", "spectroscopic instruments" ], [ "NGTS-30 b/TOI-4862 b", "transiting", "G-type star" ], [ "NGTS-30 b/TOI-4862 b", "has_size", "Jupiter-sized" ], [ "NGTS-30 b/TOI-4862 b", "has_period", "98.29838 +/- 0.00010 day" ], [ "NGTS-30 b/TOI-4862 b", "has_radius", "0.928 +/- 0.032 R-J" ], [ "NGTS-30 b/TOI-4862 b", "has_mass", "0.960 +/- 0.056 M-J" ], [ "NGTS-30 b/TOI-4862 b", "has_age", "1.1 Gyr" ], [ "NGTS-30 b/TOI-4862 b", "has_eccentricity", "0.294(-0.010)(+0.014)" ], [ "NGTS-30 b/TOI-4862 b", "has_equilibrium_temperature", "274(-46)(+30) K to 500(-84)(+55) K" ], [ "NGTS-30 b/TOI-4862 b", "has_heavy_element_mass_fraction", "0.23(-0.06)(+0.05)" ], [ "NGTS-30 b/TOI-4862 b", "has_heavy_element_enrichment", "20(-6)(+5)" ], [ "NGTS-30 b/TOI-4862 b", "is", "metal-enriched compared to host star" ], [ "NGTS-30 b/TOI-4862 b", "is", "one of the youngest well-characterised long-period exoplanets" ] ], [ [ "KELT-9b", "is", "hottest transiting exoplanet detected to date" ], [ "Wide Field Camera 3", "is aboard", "Hubble Space Telescope" ], [ "spectroscopic secondary eclipse", "analyzed_using", "KELT-9b data" ], [ "literature information", "complemented_with", "stellar pulsations" ], [ "Spitzer /Infrared Array Camera", "provided", "eclipse depths for KELT-9b" ], [ "broadband thermal emission spectrum", "obtained_from", "KELT-9b data and literature information" ], [ "spectrum", "exhibits", "clear turno ff at 1:4 mu m" ], [ "H- bound-free opacities", "shaping", "spectrum" ], [ "grid retrievals", "performed_using", "1D equilibrium chemistry forward models" ], [ "model", "with", "solar metallicity" ], [ "model", "with", "C/O ratio" ], [ "high atmospheric metallicities", "pushed_toward", "[M/H" ], [ "C/O ratio", "is", "subsolar by 2.4 sigma" ], [ "viability of forming high-metallicity planet", "questioned_by", "observational results" ], [ "high-metallicity planet", "requires", "excess of electrons" ], [ "alternative model", "quenches", "TiO and VO" ], [ "fit", "results_in", "atmosphere with slightly subsolar metallicity" ], [ "atmosphere", "has", "subsolar C/O ratio" ], [ "required TiO abundances", "disputed_by", "recent high-resolution measurements of KELT-9b" ] ], [ [ "Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs)", "expected_to_detect", "biosignature gases" ], [ "biosignature gases", "include", "molecular oxygen (O2)" ], [ "terrestrial planets", "around", "nearby stars" ], [ "transmission spectroscopy", "is_method_for", "detecting O2" ], [ "spectral resolutions R ≥ 300 000", "required_for", "resolving absorption lines" ], [ "high-resolution spectrographs", "achieve", "spectral resolution of R ~ 100 000" ], [ "increasing resolution", "requires", "larger optical components" ], [ "larger optical components", "make", "instruments expensive" ], [ "ultra-high spectral resolution booster", "coupled_to", "high-resolution spectrograph" ], [ "Fabry-Perot array", "generates", "hyperfine spectral profile" ], [ "two-arm prototype", "reaches_resolution_of", "R = 250 000-350 000" ], [ "Fabry-Perot Interferometer (FPI)", "design_proposed_for", "eight-arm array configuration" ], [ "FPI resolution booster", "can_be_plugged_in", "existing R = 100 000 spectrograph" ], [ "higher resolution", "overwrites", "spectral profile" ] ], [ [ "Spitzer observations", "analyse", "thermal phase-curve of WASP-121 b" ], [ "wavelet pixel-independent component analysis technique", "remove", "instrumental systematic effects" ], [ "phase-curve retrievals", "understand", "thermal structure of planetary atmosphere" ], [ "planetary brightness temperatures", "measured_as", "similar to 2700K (dayside)" ], [ "planetary brightness temperatures", "measured_as", "similar to 700-1100K (nightside)" ], [ "peak offsets", "measured_as", "5.9 degrees +/- 1.6 (3.6 mu m)" ], [ "peak offsets", "measured_as", "5.0 degrees(+3.4)(-3.1) (4.5 mu m)" ], [ "atmosphere of WASP-121 b", "suggests", "inefficient heat redistribution" ], [ "atmospheric Bond albedo", "aligns_with", "observed trends for hot giant exoplanets" ], [ "measured peak offsets", "correspond to", "westward hot spot" ], [ "transit depths", "reported_at", "3.6 and 4.5 mu m" ], [ "Spitzer results", "compared_with", "previous measurements" ], [ "Spitzer observations", "provide", "baseline for comparison with JWST observations" ], [ "newer telescope", "achieved", "increase in parameters precision" ] ], [ [ "Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)", "connected to", "supernovae" ], [ "Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)", "proposed_as", "candidate sources of CRs" ], [ "BHXBs", "launch", "relativistic jets" ], [ "jets", "may_be_launched_during", "quiescence" ], [ "A0620-00", "shows_indications_of", "jet emission" ], [ "simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum", "detected", "A0620-00" ], [ "A0620-00 jet dynamics", "models", "population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc" ], [ "A0620-00 jet dynamics", "models", "population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge" ], [ "cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs", "adds_to", "diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays" ], [ "SKA", "may_detect", "individual qBHXBs" ], [ "INTEGRAL", "may_detect", "individual qBHXBs" ], [ "CTAO", "may_detect", "individual qBHXBs" ], [ "IceCube", "presented", "Galactic diffuse neutrino emission" ], [ "predicted neutrino flux", "compared_to", "IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission" ] ], [ [ "spiral galactic models", "form_families_of", "precessing ellipses" ], [ "precessing ellipses", "create", "spiral density waves" ], [ "spiral density waves", "are_similar_to", "observed waves in grand-design galaxies" ], [ "pitch angle", "correlates_with", "amplitude of the spiral perturbation" ], [ "pitch angle", "correlates_with", "pattern speed of the spiral arms" ], [ "correlations", "are_regarded_as", "orbital analog of nonlinear dispersion relation in density wave theory" ] ], [ [ "H I", "emission", "filamentary structure" ], [ "H I", "observed_in", "HI4PI survey" ], [ "H I filamentary structures", "quantified_using", "circular statistics" ], [ "H I filamentary structures", "predominantly_parallel_to", "Galactic plane" ], [ "H I filaments", "mostly_perpendicular_to", "Galactic plane" ], [ "supernova feedback", "imprints_on", "inner Galaxy" ], [ "Galactic rotation", "influences", "outer Milky Way" ], [ "H I filamentary structures", "follow", "Galactic warp" ], [ "H I filamentary structures", "highlight", "gravitational interaction with satellite galaxies" ], [ "mean scale height of filamentary structures", "lower_than", "bulk of H I emission" ], [ "cold atomic hydrogen phases", "have_different_scale_heights_than", "warm atomic hydrogen phases" ], [ "fraction of column density in H I filaments", "constant_up_to", "18 kpc from Galactic center" ], [ "cold and warm atomic hydrogen phases", "inferred_from", "H I absorption studies" ], [ "H I filamentary structures", "provide_insight_into", "dynamical processes shaping Galactic disk" ], [ "orientations of H I filamentary structures", "record", "stellar energy input" ], [ "orientations of H I filamentary structures", "record", "Galactic fountain process" ], [ "orientations of H I filamentary structures", "record", "cosmic ray diffusion" ], [ "orientations of H I filamentary structures", "record", "gas accretion" ] ], [ [ "Galactic assembly time", "imprinted_on", "chemodynamics of globular clusters" ], [ "globular clusters", "probes", "formation and evolution of the Milky Way" ], [ "Galactic bulge", "is", "most complex and mixed component of the Milky Way" ], [ "early evolution of Galactic bulge", "investigated_by", "analysis of globular cluster NGC 6355" ], [ "high-resolution spectroscopy", "gathered_from", "FLAMES-UVES" ], [ "photometry", "gathered_from", "Hubble Space Telescope" ], [ "Galactic dynamic calculations", "applied_to", "globular cluster NGC 6355" ], [ "age of NGC 6355", "derived_as", "13.2 +/- 1.1 Gyr" ], [ "metallicity of NGC 6355", "derived_as", "[Fe/H" ], [ "alpha-enhancement of NGC 6355", "derived_as", "[alpha/Fe" ], [ "abundance pattern of NGC 6355", "compatible_with", "bulge field RR Lyrae stars" ], [ "abundance pattern of NGC 6355", "compatible_with", "in-situ well-studied globular clusters" ], [ "orbital parameters of NGC 6355", "suggest", "cluster currently confined within bulge volume" ], [ "heliocentric distance", "for NGC 6355", "8.54 +/- 0.19 kpc" ], [ "extinction coefficient", "for NGC 6355", "R-V=2.84 +/- 0.02" ], [ "NGC 6355", "likely_comes_from", "main bulge progenitor" ], [ "formation of NGC 6355", "low_probability_of", "being formed from an accreted event" ], [ "uncertainty_of_age", "affects", "formation of NGC 6355" ], [ "low metallicity of NGC 6355", "suggests", "low-metallicity floor for globular clusters that formed in-situ in early Galactic bulge" ] ], [ [ "CO emission observations", "obtained_in", "Milky Way Imaging Scroll Painting survey" ], [ "filamentary structure orientation", "studied_in", "CO emission observations" ], [ "filamentary structures in (CO)-C-12 emission", "do_not_show", "global preferential orientation" ], [ "filamentary structures in (CO)-C-13 emission", "do_not_show", "global preferential orientation" ], [ "filamentary structures in (CO)-C-12 emission", "are_parallel_to", "Galactic plane" ], [ "filamentary structures in (CO)-C-13 emission", "are_parallel_to", "Galactic plane" ], [ "preferential orientations", "are_different_from", "those found for HI emission" ], [ "molecular structures", "do_not_inherit", "properties from parental atomic clouds" ], [ "molecular structures", "are_shaped_by", "local physical conditions" ], [ "local physical conditions", "include", "stellar feedback" ], [ "local physical conditions", "include", "magnetic fields" ], [ "local physical conditions", "include", "Galactic spiral shocks" ] ], [ [ "Milky Way", "contains", "debris from accretion events" ], [ "Helmi streams", "associated_with", "nearby debris" ], [ "Helmi streams", "identified_as", "overdensity in integrals of motion space" ], [ "Gaia EDR3", "provides", "6D phase-space information" ], [ "spectroscopic surveys", "combined_with", "Gaia EDR3" ], [ "orbits and frequencies of stars", "analyzed_using", "various Galactic potentials" ], [ "Helmi streams", "constrain", "flattening (q) of Galactic dark matter halo" ], [ "streams", "split_into", "substructures in integrals of motion space" ], [ "substructures", "notably_split_into", "two clumps in angular momentum space" ], [ "clumps", "have", "consistent metallicity distributions" ], [ "clumps", "support", "common progeny" ], [ "Helmi streams' stars", "depict", "diffuse distribution close to Omega(z)/Omega(R) similar to 0.7" ], [ "substructure in angular momentum space", "appears_to_be", "Omega(z):Omega(phi) resonance close to 1:1" ], [ "resonance", "is_exactly", "1:1 when density flattening of the dark halo is q = 1.2" ], [ "substructure in angular momenta", "is", "long-lasting for q = 1.2" ], [ "structure of Galactic potential", "imprints_on", "properties of phase-mixed debris streams" ] ], [ [ "neutral atomic gas (H I)", "traces", "galactic dynamics" ], [ "molecular gas emission", "preferred_tracer_in", "galactic centers" ], [ "neutral atomic gas", "understands", "galaxy evolution" ], [ "molecular gas", "understands", "galaxy evolution" ], [ "neutral atomic gas", "funnels", "gas from outer disk" ], [ "molecular gas", "funnels", "gas from outer disk" ], [ "NGC 1512", "uses", "MeerKAT H I observations" ], [ "NGC 1512", "uses", "ALMA CO (2-1) observations" ], [ "NGC 4535", "uses", "MeerKAT H I observations" ], [ "NGC 4535", "uses", "ALMA CO (2-1) observations" ], [ "NGC 7496", "uses", "MeerKAT H I observations" ], [ "NGC 7496", "uses", "ALMA CO (2-1) observations" ], [ "3DBarolo", "fits", "tilted ring models to H I and CO observations" ], [ "H I", "constrains", "disk orientation parameters" ], [ "CO datasets", "applies", "disk orientation parameters" ], [ "PHANGS collaboration", "provides", "ALMA CO (2-1) observations" ], [ "MeerKAT", "covers", "high-resolution H I observations" ], [ "VLA", "covers", "high-resolution H I observations" ], [ "PHANGS-ALMA sample", "establishes", "robust methodology for characterizing galaxy orientations" ] ], [ [ "galactic disc", "has", "finite thickness" ], [ "galactic disc", "contains", "interstellar gas" ], [ "finite thickness of galactic disc", "affects", "disc stability against non-axisymmetric perturbations" ], [ "finite thickness of galactic disc", "affects", "longevity of spiral density waves" ], [ "longevity of spiral density waves", "quantified_via", "group velocity of density wavepackets" ], [ "galactic disc", "modelled_as", "collisionless stellar disc with finite height" ], [ "galactic disc", "modelled_as", "gravitationally coupled stars plus gas system" ], [ "appropriate dispersion relation", "derived_in", "Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin approximation" ], [ "disc thickness", "affects", "life-time of spiral density waves" ], [ "disc thickness", "makes", "disc more stable against non-axisymmetric perturbations" ], [ "disc thickness", "shortens", "life-span of spiral density waves" ], [ "interstellar gas", "has_effect_on", "disc stability" ], [ "interstellar gas", "has_effect_on", "longevity of spiral density waves" ], [ "interstellar gas", "supports", "non-axisymmetric features" ], [ "disc thickness", "has_effect_on", "disc stability" ], [ "disc thickness", "has_effect_on", "longevity of spiral density waves" ], [ "net change", "set_by", "relative dominance of opposite effects of interstellar gas and disc thickness" ] ], [ [ "spiral shocks", "exist_in", "steady adiabatic non-axisymmetric self-gravitating mass-outflowing accretion disk" ], [ "accretion-ejection solutions", "obtained_in", "galactic disk" ], [ "spiral galaxies", "investigated_for", "physical connections with observational quantities" ], [ "self-gravitating disk potential", "examined_in", "galactic gaseous disk" ], [ "spiral shock-induced accretion-ejection solutions", "obtained_by", "point-wise self-similar approach" ], [ "self-gravitating disk", "affects", "dynamics of spiral structure" ], [ "self-gravitating disk", "affects", "properties of spiral shocks" ], [ "observational dispersion", "contains", "physical information regarding pitch angle and shear rate" ], [ "observational dispersion", "contains", "physical information regarding pitch angle and star formation rate" ], [ "star formation rates", "differ_in", "galaxies with similar pitch angles" ], [ "differences in star formation rates", "may_be_explained_by", "different star formation efficiencies" ], [ "different star formation efficiencies", "caused_by", "distinct galactic ambient conditions" ] ], [ [ "molecular clouds in the central molecular zone (CMZ)", "feature", "turbulent line widths" ], [ "turbulent line widths", "scale_with", "cloud size" ], [ "stellar density", "is_higher_than", "rest of the Milky Way" ], [ "vertical stellar velocity dispersion", "is_large", "young stars crossing CMZ" ], [ "CMZ molecular clouds", "interact_with", "crossing stars" ], [ "energy deposition by stars crossing CMZ clouds", "can_account_for", "properties of observed turbulence" ], [ "energy deposition by stellar winds", "can_account_for", "level of CMZ cloud turbulence" ], [ "energy deposition by stellar winds", "can_account_for", "scaling of CMZ cloud turbulence with cloud size" ], [ "mechanism of energy deposition", "stops_being_effective_at", "Galactocentric distance comparable to CMZ extent" ], [ "dynamical friction by crossing stars", "does_not_constitute", "significant driver of turbulence for CMZ clouds" ] ], [ [ "perturbations of the Galactic disc", "are important for", "dynamical modelling" ], [ "linearized Boltzmann equation", "was_used_to_compute", "perturbed distribution function of a Galactic thin-disc population" ], [ "non-axisymmetric perturbation", "has", "constant amplitude" ], [ "AGAMA software", "computes", "action-angle variables" ], [ "action estimates", "allow to identify", "resonances such as the outer 1:1 bar resonance" ], [ "outer 1:1 bar resonance", "is located at", "higher azimuthal velocities than the outer Lindblad resonance" ], [ "theoretical results", "differ_from", "epicyclic approximation" ], [ "displacement of resonances in velocity space", "can constrain", "3D structure of the Galactic potential" ], [ "perturbation", "is allowed to be", "time dependent" ], [ "time dependent perturbation", "models", "effect of transient spiral arms" ], [ "theoretical framework", "is useful for", "analytical dynamical modelling of the complex velocity distribution of disc stars" ], [ "Gaia data releases", "provides", "measurements for complex velocity distribution of disc stars" ] ], [ [ "neutron stars", "experience", "velocity kick at birth" ], [ "black holes", "experience", "velocity kick at birth" ], [ "binary systems", "experience", "velocity kick during supernova" ], [ "kicks", "alter", "velocity distribution of objects born in the Milky Way disc" ], [ "kicks", "encoded_in", "observed population of Galactic neutron stars" ], [ "Galactic trajectories", "simulated_for", "point masses on circular orbits" ], [ "isotropic kick", "modeled_with", "Maxwellian distribution" ], [ "Maxwellian distribution", "has_sigma", "265 km s(-1)" ], [ "motion of point masses", "simulated_for", "200 Myr" ], [ "velocity of kicked objects", "becomes", "temporarily aligned with cylindrical radius during first 20 Myr" ], [ "velocity distribution", "shifts_towards", "lower values after 20 Myr" ], [ "velocity distribution", "settles_to", "median of 200 km s(-1)" ], [ "distribution around the Sun", "loses", "upper tail due to unbound objects escaping Galaxy" ], [ "velocities of Galactic pulsars", "compared_to", "kicked objects" ], [ "pulsars", "show", "similar evolution with characteristic age" ], [ "shift in velocity distribution", "is_due_to", "bound objects spending orbits at larger radii after kick" ], [ "Galactic potential", "decelerates", "bound objects" ], [ "deceleration", "found_for", "nearby objects and total population" ], [ "deceleration", "is_observed_in", "Galactic pulsars" ], [ "(scalar) speeds of old neutron stars", "provide", "little information about their kicks at birth" ] ], [ [ "Galactic Center", "monitors", "stellar motions" ], [ "stars", "have separations of", "2-7 arcsec from Sgr A*" ], [ "inner 2 arcsec", "requires", "a longer baseline in time" ], [ "17 years of data", "allows", "measurement of positions along orbits of outer stars" ], [ "source finder", "tracks", "positions of approximately 2000 stars" ], [ "NACO/VLT", "provides", "adaptive-optics-assisted images" ], [ "Galactic Center", "studied from", "2002 to 2019" ], [ "54 stars", "exhibit", "significant accelerations toward Sgr A*" ], [ "stars", "have separations of", "between 2 and 3 arcsec from black hole" ], [ "20 stars", "have", "measurable radial velocities from SINFONI/VLT stellar spectra" ], [ "measurable radial velocities", "allow_for", "calculation of orbital elements for stars" ], [ "number of known orbits", "increases by", "approximately 40%" ], [ "orbits", "allow_consideration_of", "structural features within the Galactic Center nuclear star cluster" ], [ "most stars", "have", "orbital solutions consistent with known clockwise rotating disk feature" ], [ "Monte Carlo sampling", "applies to", "stars without radial velocity measurements" ], [ "many stars", "have", "a subset of possible orbits consistent with known disk features within Galactic Center" ] ], [ [ "hypervelocity stars (HVSs)", "measure", "velocity components" ], [ "HVSs", "ejected from", "Galactic center" ], [ "HVSs", "acquire", "tangential components" ], [ "Galactic gravitational potential", "contains", "nonspherical components" ], [ "axisymmetric potentials", "affect", "latitudinal components v(theta)" ], [ "non-null azimuthal components v(phi)", "originate from", "non-axisymmetric matter distributions" ], [ "azimuthal velocity components", "proportionate_to", 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"current observations of stars at cosmic distances", "are", "extremely magnified" ], [ "extremely magnified stars", "are_under_influence_of", "microlenses" ] ], [ [ "AeST model", "reproduces", "successes of particle dark matter on cosmological scales" ], [ "AeST model", "reproduces", "successes of modified Newtonian dynamics on galactic scales" ], [ "AeST model", "reproduces", "MOND up to a certain maximum galactocentric radius" ], [ "AeST model", "tested against", "observations" ], [ "AeST model", "compared with", "observational data for weak gravitational lensing" ], [ "AeST model", "solved", "equations of motion" ], [ "AeST model", "analyzed", "solutions behavior" ], [ "AeST model", "shows", "deviations from MOND at the radii probed by weak gravitational lensing" ], [ "data", "show", "no clear indication of predicted deviations" ] ], [ [ "gravitational lensing", "involves", "galaxy clusters" ], [ "galaxy clusters", "includes", "hundreds of galaxies" ], [ "gravitational lensing", 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], [ "Fourier-space statistics", "displays", "low levels of mode mixing" ], [ "photometric redshift distributions", "calibrated", "updated" ], [ "gravitational shear bias", "calibrated", "updated" ], [ "calibration uncertainties", "propagated_into", "likelihood" ], [ "mocks", "used_to_assess", "performance of covariance models" ], [ "mocks", "used_to_quantify", "impact of survey geometry" ], [ "survey geometry", "affects", "signals and their errors" ], [ "likelihood", "validated_with", "sampling distributions" ], [ "chi(2) goodness-of-fit statistic", "validated_with", "sampling distributions" ], [ "prior volume", "mapped", "explicitly" ], [ "wide top-hat prior", "introduced_for", "key structure growth parameter S-8" ], [ "weak lensing constraints", "reported_via", "point estimates" ], [ "point estimates", "derived_from", "marginal posterior" ], [ "systematic effects", "bias", "S-8" ], [ "S-8 constraints", "expected_to_improve", "20% for weak lensing alone" ], [ "S-8 constraints", "expected_to_improve", "29% for joint analysis" ] ], [ [ "strong gravitational lensing observations", "provide", "information on the structure of galaxies" ], [ "strong lensing bias", "requires", "forward modeling of the lens selection process" ], [ "empirical model", "captures", "aspects of the lens finding process" ], [ "empirical model", "constrains", "properties of the lens population" ], [ "method", "applied_to", "real data from the SLACS sample of strong lenses" ], [ "power-law density profile", "recovered", "mass distribution of the parent population of galaxies" ], [ "early-type galaxies", "have", "stellar mass of log M-*/M-circle dot = 11.3" ], [ "median projected mass", "within", "5 kpc aperture" ], [ "median projected mass", "is", "log M-5/M-circle dot = 11.332 +/- 0.013" ], [ "average logarithmic density slope", "is", "gamma = 1.99 +/- 0.03" ], [ "values", "are", "lower than inferred when ignoring selection effects" ], [ "strong lensing bias", "is_due_to", "prioritization of SLACS follow-up observations" ], [ "strong lensing bias in gamma", "reduces to", "similar to 0.01 when controlling for stellar velocity dispersion" ] ], [ [ "gravitational lenses", "used as", "astrophysical probe" ], [ "gravitational lenses", "used as", "cosmological probe" ], [ "models", "needed for", "mass distributions" ], [ "GLEE", "is", "lens-modeling software" ], [ "GLEE", "models", "strongly lensed quasars" ], [ "observed positions", "of", "lensed quasars" ], [ "surface brightness distribution", "is", "host galaxy of lensed quasar" ], [ "model", "describes", "mass distribution of lens galaxy" ], [ "modeling pipeline", "applied to", "strongly lensed quasars" ], [ "Wide Field Camera 3", "is", "Hubble Space Telescope" ], [ "models", "show", "well-reconstructed light components" ], [ "alignment", "between", "mass and light centroids" ], [ "automated modeling code", "reduces", "input time" ], [ "input files", "time reduced by", "a factor of 3" ], [ "active input time", "reduced 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"several orders of magnitude" ] ], [ [ "strong gravitational lenses", "expected to grow", "in number" ], [ "large samples of lenses", "provide", "strong constraints on inner structure of galaxies" ], [ "stellar mass measurements", "calibrated by", "strong lensing data from thousands of lenses" ], [ "mock samples", "generated of", "axisymmetric lenses" ], [ "measurements", "obtained from", "strongly lensed background source" ], [ "magnification information", "provided by", "full surface brightness modelling" ], [ "stellar-population-synthesis-based estimate", "of", "lens stellar mass" ], [ "models", "fitted describing", "distribution of the stellar population synthesis mismatch parameter alpha (sps)" ], [ "average alpha (sps)", "obtained with", "greater precision and accuracy" ], [ "projected dark matter mass", "obtained with", "greater precision and accuracy" ], [ "dark matter density slope", "obtained with", "greater precision and accuracy" ], [ "flexible model", "required to avoid", "biased inference" ], [ "lens detection efficiency", "required as function of", "image configuration" ], [ "statistical strong lensing inferences", "provide", "calibration of stellar mass measurements" ], [ "statistical strong lensing inferences", "constrain", "inner dark matter density profile of massive galaxies" ] ], [ [ "SMACS J0723.3-7327", "is", "first strong gravitational lens observed by JWST" ], [ "James Webb Space Telescope", "observed", "SMACS J0723.3-7327" ], [ "Hubble Space Telescope", "provided", "data for pre-JWST lens model" ], [ "Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer", "provided", "data for pre-JWST lens model" ], [ "pre-JWST lens model", "refined with", "newly available JWST near-infrared imaging" ], [ "pre-JWST lens model", "consists of", "one cluster-scale component" ], [ "cluster-scale component", "accounts for", "dark matter distribution" ], [ "cluster-scale component", "accounts for", "galaxy cluster members" ], [ "cluster-scale component", "accounts for", "external 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magnification of vertical bar mu vertical bar = 9.5(-0.8)(+0.9)" ], [ "lensing magnification", "makes", "interesting case for future studies" ], [ "lens models", "include", "magnification maps" ], [ "lens models", "include", "redshifts estimated from the model" ], [ "lens models", "are", "publicly available" ], [ "full spectroscopic redshift catalogue", "is from", "MUSE" ] ], [ [ "search", "for", "galaxy-scale strong gravitational lenses" ], [ "Canada-France Imaging Survey", "covers", "2500 square degrees" ], [ "convolutional neural network", "applied to", "2 344 002 r-band images" ], [ "lensing galaxies", "taken from", "CFIS r-band images" ], [ "lensed sources", "taken from", "Hubble Space Telescope" ], [ "9460 candidates", "obtain score above", "0.5" ], [ "visual inspection", "finds", "133 lens candidates" ], [ "133 lens candidates", "include", "104 new candidates" ], [ "false positives", "mainly contain", "ring galaxies" ], [ "false positives", "mainly contain", "spiral galaxies" ], [ "false positives", "mainly contain", "merger galaxies" ], [ "false positives", "contains", "galaxies with nearby companions" ], [ "32 lens candidates", "classified as", "secure lenses" ], [ "101 lens candidates", "classified as", "maybe lenses" ], [ "32 highest quality lenses", "fit", "singular isothermal ellipsoid mass profile" ], [ "32 highest quality lenses", "fit", "external shear" ], [ "32 highest quality lenses", "fit", "elliptical Sersic profile" ], [ "automated modeling step", "provides", "distributions of properties" ], [ "Einstein radii", "in range", "0.5 '' < theta(E) < 2.5 " ], [ "new lens and/or source single-band deblending algorithm", "based on", "auto-encoder representation" ], [ "end-to-end lens-finding and modeling pipeline", "assembled for", "future lens searches" ], [ "Euclid", "enables", "single band lens searches" ] ], [ [ "microlensing data", "collected_during", "previous observation seasons" ], [ "anomalous lensing events", "include", "OGLE-2018-BLG-0584" ], [ "anomalous lensing events", "include", "KMT-2018-BLG-2119" ], [ "anomalous lensing events", "cannot_be_explained_by", "binary-lens single-source (2L1S)" ], [ "anomalous lensing events", "cannot_be_explained_by", "single-lens binary-source (1L2S)" ], [ "light curves", "explained_by", "2L2S interpretation" ], [ "light curves", "result_in", "close and wide degeneracy solutions" ], [ "source of OGLE-2018-BLG-0584", "is_a", "binary composed of two K-type stars" ], [ "lens of OGLE-2018-BLG-0584", "is_a", "binary composed of two M dwarfs" ], [ "source of KMT-2018-BLG-2119", "is_a", "binary composed of two dwarfs of G and K spectral types" ], [ "lens of KMT-2018-BLG-2119", "is_a", "binary composed of a low-mass M dwarf and a brown dwarf" ] ], [ [ "Kilo-Degree Survey", "releases", "weak lensing shear catalogues" ], [ "KiDS-1000", "spans", "1006 square degrees" ], [ "gold-sample of galaxies", "consists of", "21 million galaxies" ], [ "gold-sample of galaxies", "has effective number density of", "6.17 galaxies per square arcminute" ], [ "PSF model", "quantifies", "accuracy" ], [ "PSF model", "meets", "requirements to induce less than a 0.1 sigma change" ], [ "cosmic shear constraints", "based on", "clustering cosmological parameter S-8 = sigma (8) root Omega (m)/0.3" ], [ "two-point null-tests", "validate", "shear estimates" ], [ "shear estimates", "find", "no evidence for significant non-lensing B-mode distortions" ], [ "PSF residuals", "detected in", "highest-redshift bins" ], [ "PSF residuals", "originate from", "object selection and/or weight bias" ], [ "amplitude", "is", "sufficiently low" ], [ "shear-ratio null-test", "verifies", "expected redshift scaling of galaxy-galaxy lensing signal" ], [ "galaxy-galaxy lensing signal", "around", "luminous red galaxies" ], [ "KiDS-1000 shear and photometric redshift calibration", "is", "sufficiently robust for combined-probe gravitational lensing and spectroscopic clustering analyses" ] ], [ [ "Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of 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models", "surpassed", "CNN models in TPR0 and TPR10" ], [ "encoder models", "had equivalent scores to", "top CNN model in AUROC" ], [ "self-attention-based models", "have advantages over", "CNNs" ], [ "self-attention-based models", "are competitive with", "residual neural networks" ], [ "self-attention-based models", "identify", "lensing candidates" ], [ "encoder layers", "tackle", "overfitting problem in CNNs" ] ], [ [ "strongly lensed systems", "probe", "local properties of deflecting lens mass" ], [ "strongly lensed systems", "test", "general profile assumptions" ], [ "quasar HE0230 2130", "is lensed by", "two galaxies at similar redshifts" ], [ "two galaxies", "have redshifts", "Delta z similar to 0:003" ], [ "two galaxies", "produce", "four observed images" ], [ "modeled quasar positions", "are obtained from", "fitting the brightness of quasar images" ], [ "Magellan telescope", "provides", "ground-based imaging data" ], [ "lens-mass models", "parametrized with", "singular power-law (PL) profile" ], [ "lens-mass models", "predict", "five quasar images" ], [ "missing image", "gives rise to", "new opportunities to study mass distribution of galaxies" ], [ "quad configuration", "is interpreted by", "testing 12 different profile assumptions" ], [ "model classes", "can produce", "correct image multiplicity" ], [ "Bayesian evidence", "compares", "different model parametrizations" ], [ "two model classes", "are favored", "one with two singular PL profiles and a cored isothermal sphere" ], [ "one model class", "has", "a bigger lensing galaxy parametrized by singular PL profile" ], [ "one model class", "has", "a smaller galaxy by a cored PL profile with external shear" ], [ "mass of rNIS clump", "is estimated for", "each candidate model" ], [ "2%", "are in range of", "10(6) M-circle dot <= M-rNIS <= 10(9) M-circle dot" ], [ "predicted mass range", "is of", "dark matter subhalos in cold dark matter simulations" ], [ "models", "favor", "cored mass distribution for the lens galaxy" ], [ "lensed quasar images", "are sensitive to", "dark matter structure in the gravitational lens" ], [ "exotic lensing configuration", "is described by", "relatively simple models" ], [ "strong lensing", "demonstrates", "power of studying galaxies and lens substructure" ] ], [ [ "Gravitational microlensing", "used to discover", "planet-hosting systems" ], [ "Galactic disk", "contains", "planet-hosting systems" ], [ "Gaia photometric alert team", "reported", "microlensing event" ], [ "parallax measurement", "infers", "mass and distance to lensing system" ], [ "Gaia21blx", "has", "parallax measurement" ], [ "source", "has comparable magnitudes with", "lens" ], [ "Gaia parallax", "assumed as", "flux-weighted average of lens and source parallaxes" ], [ "Gaia parallax", "obtained from", "blending flux" ], [ "microlensing models", "combined with", "finite source effects" ], [ "binary lens", "has", "mass" ], [ "binary lens", "has", "distance" ], [ "binary lens", "has", "luminosities" ], [ "binary lens", "has", "projected kinematics" ], [ "best model", "identifies", "lens as binary system" ], [ "binary system", "is located at", "2.18 +/- 0.07 kpc from Earth" ], [ "G star", "has mass of", "0.95 +/- 0.17 M-circle dot" ], [ "K star", "has mass of", "0.53 +/- 0.07 M-circle dot" ], [ "source", "is likely to be", "F subgiant star" ], [ "F subgiant star", "is located at", "2.38 +/- 1.71 kpc" ], [ "F subgiant star", "has mass of", "1.10 +/- 0.18 M-circle dot" ], [ "lenses", "follow", "kinematics of thin-disk population" ] ], [ [ "strong lenses", "described by", "singular ellipsoidal power-law density profile" ], [ "strong lenses", "affected by", "external shear" ], [ "inflexibility of model", "leads to", "systematic errors in astrophysical parameters" ], [ "observations", "made with", "Atacama Large (sub-)Millimetre Array (ALMA)" ], [ "ALMA", "observed", "three strongly lensed dusty star-forming galaxies" ], [ "data", "sensitive to", "angular structure in 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"this event", "is one of", "longest ever detected" ], [ "Einstein timescale", "is", "491.41(-84.94)(+128.31) days for best solution" ], [ "Einstein timescale", "is", "453.74(-105.74)(+178.69) days for second best solution" ], [ "most probable lens masses", "are", "2.65(-1.48)(+5.09) M-circle dot" ], [ "most probable lens masses", "are", "1.71(-1.06)(+3.78) M-circle dot" ], [ "limits on the blended light", "suggest that", "this event was most likely not caused by a MS star" ], [ "this event", "was caused by", "dark remnant of stellar evolution" ] ], [ [ "general relativistic effects", "probe", "cosmology and gravity theories" ], [ "galaxy surveys", "require", "accurate model predictions" ], [ "N-body simulations", "generate", "light-cone data" ], [ "light-cone data", "study", "relativistic effects on lensing-matter observables" ], [ "RayGalGroupSims suite", "consists of", "two N-body simulations" ], [ "N-body simulations", "volume", "2625 h(-1) Mpc^3" ], [ "N-body simulations", 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], [ "modern Earth-like atmosphere", "is well-reproduced with", "UV reconstructions" ], [ "hazy Archean Earth atmosphere", "suffers from", "changes at the observable level" ], [ "stellar UV emission lines", "influence", "chemical state in modeled Archean atmospheres" ], [ "UV continuum", "influences", "haze production in modeled Archean atmospheres" ], [ "modeled Archean atmospheres", "result in", "observable differences in transmission spectra" ], [ "UV observations of individual exoplanet host stars", "are needed to", "accurately characterize transmission spectra" ], [ "reconstructed spectra", "are next best option when", "UV data is absent" ], [ "reconstructed spectra", "account for", "UV emission lines and continuum" ] ], [ [ "transmission spectroscopy", "probes", "temperature of exoplanet atmospheres" ], [ "transmission spectroscopy", "probes", "composition of exoplanet atmospheres" ], [ "transmission spectroscopy", "probes", "cloud properties of exoplanet atmospheres" ], [ 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[ "search for signs of life beyond Earth", "drives", "exoplanet science" ], [ "exoplanet science", "fuels", "work on biosignature gases" ], [ "carbonyls", "are a category of", "molecules containing the C=O double bond" ], [ "biosignature gases", "are ruled out", "carbonyls" ], [ "high water solubility", "rules out", "carbonyls as biosignature gases" ], [ "high photolysis rate", "rules out", "carbonyls as biosignature gases" ], [ "carbonyls", "are produced by", "life on Earth" ], [ "carbonyls", "are important in", "Earth's life biochemistry" ], [ "molecular spectral features", "are identifiable in", "mid- to low-resolution spectroscopy" ], [ "detection of carbonyls", "is not possible on", "habitable exoplanet" ], [ "maximum accumulation of carbonyls", "is 10 ppb under", "optimistic assumptions" ], [ "high biological fluxes of organic carbon gases", "are unlikely due to", "waste of carbon" ], [ "photochemical processing of carbonyls", "leads to generation of", "CO" ], [ "generation of 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"key_undertaking_for", "detect phosphorus species in exoplanetary atmospheres" ] ], [ [ "newly discovered exoplanets", "have", "physical characteristics and atmospheric chemical composition" ], [ "transit spectra", "are obtained from", "numerical models of radiative transfer" ], [ "analytical expressions", "provide", "insightful physical intuition into atmospheric processes" ], [ "deep-learning revolution", "allows", "deriving analytical results directly from data" ], [ "symbolic regression", "is demonstrated on", "synthetic data for transit radii of generic hot-Jupiter exoplanets" ], [ "symbolic regression", "derives", "analytical formula" ], [ "dimensional analysis", "identifies", "relevant dimensionless combinations of variables" ], [ "dimensional analysis", "reduces", "number of independent inputs" ], [ "reduced number of independent inputs", "improves", "performance of symbolic regression" ], [ "dimensional analysis", "allows", "mathematical derivation of degeneracies among input 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[ "planet-to-star ratio predictions", "are consistent_with", "Spitzer observations" ], [ "model complexity", "enables", "detailed studies of eccentric planets" ], [ "active host stars", "are observed_in", "worlds orbiting" ] ], [ [ "FUV emission lines", "are driving sources of", "photochemistry in planetary atmospheres" ], [ "spectral features of planetary atmospheres", "depend on", "emission of its host star" ], [ "spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of K- and M-type stars", "have been characterized by", "previous observational programs" ], [ "full X-ray to infrared SED of F-type stars", "has not been assembled for", "atmospheric modeling" ], [ "SISTINE-2", "captured", "FUV spectrum of Procyon A" ], [ "first simultaneous observation", "was made of", "emission features across the FUV bandpass of any cool star" ], [ "flight data and stellar models", "are combined to develop", "first SED of a mid-F star" ], [ "modern Earth-like exoplanet\\'s upper atmosphere", "responds to", "heightened 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"far-ultraviolet continuum", "contributes", "42%-54% of FUV flux between 1450 and 1700 A" ], [ "stellar structures of GJ 832", "suggests", "GJ 832 is a more magnetically active star" ], [ "other activity indicators", "corroborates", "magnetic activity of GJ 832" ] ], [ [ "time-dependent magnetohydrodynamic simulations", "simulate", "HD 189733 star-planet system" ], [ "simulations", "predict", "radio transit modulations" ], [ "stellar wind", "interacts_with", "planetary magnetic field" ], [ "model", "describes", "stellar corona and wind" ], [ "exoplanet", "orbits", "star" ], [ "simulations", "generate", "synthetic radio images" ], [ "synthetic radio images", "enable", "synthetic radio light curves" ], [ "planetary motion", "evident_in", "radio light curves" ], [ "light curves", "exhibit", "repeated features" ], [ "repeated features", "attributed_to", "passage of planetary magnetosphere" ], [ "light-curve features", "depend_on", "strength of planetary magnetic field" ], [ "radio 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"provides", "detailed outcomes in relativistic stellar dynamics" ] ], [ [ "Fermi bubbles", "are", "large diffuse structures in our Galaxy" ], [ "eROSITA bubbles", "are", "large diffuse structures in our Galaxy" ], [ "steady star formation activity", "produces", "Fermi and eROSITA bubbles" ], [ "cosmic rays (CRs)", "drive", "steady Galactic wind" ], [ "Galactic wind", "requires", "steady star formation history of the Milky Way (MW)" ], [ "Galactic wind", "escapes from", "Galactic system" ], [ "Galactic fountain flow", "is", "part of the wind that falls back onto the disk" ], [ "Galactic evolution scenario", "models", "wind dynamics" ], [ "X-ray emissions", "are consistent with", "observed properties of the Fermi bubbles" ], [ "hadronic gamma-ray emissions", "are consistent with", "observed properties of the eROSITA bubbles" ], [ "Fermi and eROSITA bubbles", "are", "persistent structures of the MW" ], [ "Fermi and eROSITA bubbles", "exist for", "at least 1 Gyr" ], [ "nontrivial Galactic center transient activities", "are", "10 Myr past" ] ], [ [ "resonant friction", "has_effect_on", "disk" ], [ "disk", "causes", "gravitational perturbation of nuclear star cluster" ], [ "gravitational perturbation of nuclear star cluster", "exerts_torque_on", "disk" ], [ "torque", "responsible_for", "disruption of clockwise disk of young stars in Galactic center" ], [ "numerical experiments", "produces", "observed features in the distribution of stars\\' angular momenta" ], [ "rotation of nuclear star clusters", "has_effect_on", "orientation of transient massive accretion disks" ], [ "transient massive accretion disks", "are_around", "supermassive black holes" ], [ "supermassive black holes", "reside_in", "centers of nuclear star clusters" ], [ "rotation of nuclear star clusters", "stabilizes", "orientations and magnitudes of black hole spins" ] ], [ [ "magnetic field", "affects", "gas dynamics in galactic bulge region" ], [ "three-dimensional simulations", "investigate", "magnetic field role" ], [ "high-temperature corona", "is formed in", "halo regions" ], [ "temperature near midplane", "is less than or similar to", "10(4) K" ], [ "thermal equilibrium curve", "is determined by", "radiative cooling and heating" ], [ "thermal energy of interstellar gas", "is lost by", "radiative cooling" ], [ "magnetic field strength", "is amplified to", "10 mu G" ], [ "magnetic field strength", "reaches", "several hundred microgauss locally" ], [ "magnetically dominated regions", "are formed at", "midlatitudes with radiative cooling and heating" ], [ "vertical thickness of midlatitude regions", "is", "50-150 pc" ], [ "radial location of midlatitude regions", "is", "0.4-0.8 kpc from Galactic center" ], [ "observed vertical distribution of neutral atomic gas", "is comparable to", "vertical thickness of midlatitude regions" ], [ "average of different components of energy density", "is taken over", "galactic bulge region" ], [ "magnetic energy", "is comparable to", "thermal energy" ], [ "magnetic field", "plays role in", "controlling dynamical properties of galactic bulge region" ], [ "magnetic field", "plays role in", "controlling thermal properties of galactic bulge region" ] ], [ [ "young stars", "aged", "several million years" ], [ "young stars", "situated_within_range", "0.04-1 pc from Galactic center" ], [ "kinematics", "provides_opportunity_to_explore", "formation or possible subsequent dynamical evolution" ], [ "Sagittarius A*", "was_active_in_past", "several observations" ], [ "accretion disk", "may_have_impact_on", "dynamics of stars in Galactic center" ], [ "drag force", "exerted_on", "stars during star-disk interaction" ], [ "embedded stars", "will_migrate_inward", "accretion disk" ], [ "embedded stars", "will_be_disrupted_within", "similar to 105 yr" ], [ "absence of stars", "explained_by", "2.5 x 104 R g (similar to 1000 au)" ], [ "Kozai-Lidov oscillations", "induced_by", "gravitational perturbation of the disk" ], [ "Kozai-Lidov oscillations", "could_contribute_to", "bimodal distribution of S-star inclinations" ], [ "Kozai-Lidov oscillations", "drive", "majority of stars into high-eccentricity orbits" ] ], [ [ "Metallicity", "probes", "baryon physics in a galaxy" ], [ "metals", "associated with", "radiative cooling" ], [ "metals", "associated with", "star formation" ], [ "metals", "associated with", "stellar feedback" ], [ "metal distribution", "examined through", "numerical experiments" ], [ "galactic metal distribution", "depends on", "numerical schemes" ], [ "metal mixing", "quantified among", "modern galaxy simulation codes" ], [ "Enzo", "is_type_of", "mesh-based code" ], [ "Gadget-2", "is_type_of", "particle-based code" ], [ "Gizmo-PSPH", "is_type_of", "particle-based code" ], [ "stellar feedback strengths", "examined in", "particle-based codes" ], [ "explicit metal diffusion scheme", "alleviates", "discrepancy in metal transport" ], [ "gas particles", "needed in", "gas halo" ], [ "explicit metal diffusion scheme", "does not affect", "metal distribution in galactic disk" ], [ "explicit metal diffusion scheme", "changes", "amount of low-metallicity gas in hot diffuse halo" ], [ "spatial distribution of metals", "depends on", "stellar feedback modeling" ], [ "discrepancy in metals", "can be mitigated with", "proposed prescription" ], [ "mesh-based simulations", "utilized in", "study of metals in galactic halos" ], [ "particle-based simulations", "utilized in", "study of metals in circumgalactic medium" ] ], [ [ "axisymmetric early type galaxies (ETGs)", "hosts", "central supermassive black hole (SMBH)" ], [ "model parameter space", "explores", "axisymmetric early type galaxies (ETGs)" ], [ "high-resolution hydrodynamical simulations", "performed_with", "MACER code" ], [ "total SMBH accreted mass", "obtains", "function of galaxy structure and internal dynamics" ], [ "final X-ray luminosity", "obtains", "function of galaxy structure and internal dynamics" ], [ "final temperature of X-ray emitting halos", "obtains", "function of galaxy structure and internal dynamics" ], [ "total amount of new stars formed", "obtains", "function of galaxy structure and internal dynamics" ], [ "total ejected mass", "obtains", "function of galaxy structure and internal dynamics" ], [ "ejected mass", "comes_from", "supernovae" ], [ "ejected mass", "comes_from", "active galactic nuclei (AGN) feedback" ], [ "model galaxies", "embedded_in", "group/cluster dark matter halo" ], [ "cosmological accretion", "included_in", "model galaxies" ], [ "amount and time dependence", "derived_from", "cosmological simulations" ], [ "angular momentum conservation", "leads_to", "formation of cold H i disks" ], [ "cold H i disks", "evolve_under", "star formation induced by disk instabilities" ], [ "star formation", "induces", "mass discharge onto central SMBH" ], [ "mass discharge", "causes", "AGN feedback" ], [ "hot gas mass", "is", "10% the mass in old stars" ], [ "ejected mass", "is", "twice the mass of hot gas" ], [ "cold gas disks", "are approximately", "kiloparsec in size" ], [ "metal-rich new stars", "are in", "0.1 kpc disks" ], [ "masses of cold gas and new stars", "are roughly", "0.1% of mass of old stars" ], [ "final systems", "reproduce", "main global properties of real ETGs" ] ], [ [ "Galactic dynamo models", "rely_on", "input parameters" ], [ "input parameters", "are", "challenging to constrain" ], [ "model", "uses", "observable quantities" ], [ "observable quantities", "include", "galaxy rotation curve" ], [ "observable quantities", "include", "surface densities of gas" ], [ "observable quantities", "include", "surface densities of stars" ], [ "observable quantities", "include", "surface densities of star formation rate" ], [ "observable quantities", "include", "gas temperature" ], [ "model", "can_estimate", "parameters of magnetic field" ], [ "model", "can_estimate", "gas scale height" ], [ "model", "can_estimate", "root-mean-square velocity" ], [ "model", "can_estimate", "correlation length of interstellar turbulence" ], [ "model", "can_estimate", "correlation time of interstellar turbulence" ], [ "theoretical scaling relations", "are_found_with", "empirical scaling relations" ], [ "results", "depend_on", "assumptions about turbulence driving" ], [ "agreement", "is_improved_by", "modeling the expansion and energetics of supernova remnants" ], [ "model", "includes", "alternative prescriptions for physical processes" ] ], [ [ "compact binary mergers", "emit", "electromagnetic (EM) radiation" ], [ "active galactic nuclei (AGNs)", "contain", "nuclear star clusters" ], [ "nuclear star clusters", "form", "compact-stellar binaries (CSBs)" ], [ "compact-stellar binaries (CSBs)", "coalesce", "gravitational waves (GWs)" ], [ "CSBs", "embedded in", "AGN disks" ], [ "outflows", "create", "outflow cavities" ], [ "outflow cavities", "formed before", "binaries merge" ], [ "EM counterparts", "less common than", "expected" ], [ "conditions", "necessary for", "detectable EM counterparts" ], [ "merger remnant black hole", "experiences", "high recoil velocity" ], [ "merger remnant black hole", "can enter", "AGN disk" ], [ "merger remnant black hole", "accretes", "gas" ], [ "gas", "accreted at", "super-Eddington rate" ], [ "cavity-like structure", "forms from", "accreted gas" ], [ "bubble", "can break out of", "disk" ], [ "breakout emission", "detectable by", "soft X-ray instruments" ], [ "soft X-ray instruments", "include", "Swift-XRT" ], [ "soft X-ray instruments", "include", "Chandra" ] ], [ [ "star formation", "connects", "filament hierarchies" ], [ "star formation", "connects", "supernova feedback" ], [ "supernova feedback", "involves", "galaxy-scale kiloparsec filaments" ], [ "supernova feedback", "involves", "superbubbles" ], [ "supernova feedback", "involves", "giant molecular clouds (GMCs)" ], [ "GMCs", "are_on_scale", "100 pc" ], [ "star clusters", "are_on_scale", "1 pc" ], [ "galactic multiscale MHD simulations", "track_formation_of", "structure" ], [ "galactic multiscale MHD simulations", "is_in", "Milky Way-like galaxy" ], [ "Milky Way-like galaxy", "undergoes", "supernova-driven feedback processes" ], [ "zoom-in technique", "follows_evolution_of", "3 kpc subregions" ], [ "zoom-in technique", "enables_resolution_of", "0.28 pc" ], [ "gas accretion", "drives", "filaments" ], [ "filaments", "lead_to", "gravitational instabilities" ], [ "gravitational instabilities", "produce", "GMCs" ], [ "gravitational instabilities", "produce", "clusters" ], [ "galactic shear", "produces", "filamentary GMCs" ], [ "filamentary GMCs", "are_within", "flattened rotating disklike structures" ], [ "flattened rotating disklike structures", "are_on_scale", "100 pc" ], [ "simulations", "demonstrate", "formation of helical magnetic fields" ], [ "helical magnetic fields", "are_associated_with", "formation of disklike structures" ] ], [ [ "RAMSES code", "deploys", "radiation+hydrodynamical adaptive mesh refinement simulations" ], [ "supermassive black hole (SMBH) binaries", "embedded in", "gaseous nuclear circumbinary disks" ], [ "active galactic nucleus feedback", "affects", "SMBH binaries migration behavior" ], [ "radiative feedback effects", "modeled by", "injecting photons" ], [ "injecting photons", "interacts with", "gas" ], [ "low-density tidal cavity", "formed by", "pure gravity plus hydrodynamics" ], [ "gas-viscous diffusion", "maintains", "sizable gas reservoir" ], [ "orbital evolution", "unchanged with", "inclusion of feedback" ], [ "ionizing radiation", "photoevaporates", "gas at outer edge of low-density region" ], [ "strong initial disruption of circumbinary disk", "followed by", "eventual stabilization of medium" ], [ "eventual stabilization of medium", "ushers", "return to fast binary migration regime" ], [ "simulations", "capture", "ionization states of nuclear disk region" ], [ "ionization states of nuclear disk region", "affects", "coupling efficiency decrease with respect to radiative feedback" ] ], [ [ "Accretion disks", "power", "luminous objects" ], [ "Accretion disks", "are around", "black holes" ], [ "misaligned disks", "become warped by", "Lense-Thirring precession" ], [ "strongly warped disks", "can become", "unstable" ], [ "unstable disks", "break into", "discrete rings" ], [ "discrete rings", "produce", "dynamic and variable accretion flow" ], [ "numerical simulations", "present", "instability dynamics" ], [ "dynamics", "affects", "accreting black hole systems" ], [ "dynamics", "focus on", "variability of active galactic nuclei (AGN)" ], [ "variability", "might manifest on", "timescales" ], [ "observer orientation", "impacts", "black hole spin axis" ], [ "unstable disk warp", "results in", "quasi-periodic behavior of the inner disk" ], [ "quasi-periodic behavior", "may explain", "quasi-periodic eruptions" ], [ "quasi-periodic eruptions", "observed in", "Seyfert 2 galaxy GSN 069" ], [ "quasi-periodic eruptions", "observed in", "galactic nucleus of RX J1301.9+2747" ], [ "quasi-periodic eruptions", "similar to", "heartbeat modes" ], [ "heartbeat modes", "observed in", "X-ray binaries" ], [ "instability at larger radii", "varies", "central accretion rate" ], [ "central accretion rate", "can vary on", "timescales" ], [ "variability properties", "may be explained by", "significantly warped disk" ], [ "significantly warped disk", "leads to", "disk tearing" ] ], [ [ "MeerKAT", "reveals", "bipolar channel at the Galactic Center" ], [ "bipolar channel", "spans", "0.5 kpc" ], [ "jet", "formed", "bipolar channel" ], [ "jet", "is consistent with", "Seyfert-level outburst" ], [ "Seyfert-level outburst", "is fueled by", "black hole accretion onto Sgr A*" ], [ "black hole accretion onto Sgr A*", "occurred", "several Myr ago" ], [ "jet", "penetrated", "interstellar medium" ], [ "Hubble Space Telescope", "provides", "Paschen alpha images" ], [ "Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array", "provides", "millimeter-wave spectra" ], [ "SOAR telescope", "provides", "IR spectra" ], [ "hydrodynamical simulations", "show", "nuclear jet explains structures" ], [ "nuclear jet", "inflates", "ROSAT/eROSITA X-ray bubbles" ], [ "nuclear jet", "inflates", "Fermi gamma-ray bubbles" ], [ "Fermi gamma-ray bubbles", "extend", "75 degrees from the Galactic plane" ], [ "Galactic outflow", "has features in common with", "jet-driven structures in NGC 1068" ] ], [ [ "anisotropic pressure", "transports", "angular momentum" ], [ "anisotropic pressure", "affects", "transport of angular momentum" ], [ "anisotropic pressure", "leads_to", "shrinkage of wind region" ], [ "magnetic field strength", "helps", "Poynting energy flux" ], [ "Poynting energy flux", "overcomes", "kinetic energy flux" ], [ "hot accretion flows", "around", "black holes" ], [ "hot accretion flow", "is_applicable_to", "Galactic Center Sgr A*" ], [ "hot accretion flow", "is_applicable_to", "M87 galaxy" ] ], [ [ "matter orbiting black holes (BHs)", "forms", "toroidal accretion disk structures" ], [ "toroidal accretion disk structures", "are described as", "ringed accretion disks (RADs)" ], [ "GRMHD numerical simulations", "are related to", "double toroidal structure" ], [ "double toroidal structure", "is immersed in", "gravitomagnetic field of central Schwarzschild BH" ], [ "gravitomagnetic field of central Schwarzschild BH", "is in", "asymptotically uniform magnetic field" ], [ "initial RAD structure", "is constructed by", "two corotating or counterrotating tori" ], [ "accretion of matter from outer torus", "is assumed onto", "inner torus" ], [ "2.5D GRMHD simulation schemes", "use", "HARM numerical code" ], [ "initial matter density", "is relevant factor governing", "system evolution" ] ], [ [ "broad line region (BLR)", "is in", "active galaxies" ], [ "broad line region (BLR)", "has_dynamics", "Keplerian motion" ], [ "broad line region (BLR)", "shows_traces_of", "inflow" ], [ "broad line region (BLR)", "shows_traces_of", "outflow" ], [ "Czerny & Hryniewicz", "models", "broad line region (BLR)" ], [ "radiation pressure", "acts_on", "dust" ], [ "dust", "exists_at", "surface layers of the accretion disk (AD)" ], [ "dynamics of dusty cloud", "is_influenced_by", "radiation from the entire accretion disk (AD)" ], [ "dust opacity", "is", "realistic description" ], [ "radiation pressure", "leads_to", "dynamical outflow from the AD surface" ], [ "broad line region (BLR)", "has_character_of", "mostly failed outflow" ], [ "dynamics", "depends_on", "Eddington ratio of the source" ], [ "large Eddington ratio sources", "show", "complex velocity field" ], [ "large Eddington ratio sources", "show", "large vertical velocities" ], [ "lower Eddington ratio sources", "show", "small vertical velocities" ], [ "lower Eddington ratio sources", "originate_emission", "close to the AD surface" ], [ "cloud dynamics", "determines", "3D geometry of the broad line region (BLR)" ] ], [ [ "Navarro-Frenk-White model", "is a profile of", "matter distribution in galactic halos" ], [ "Burkert model", "is a profile of", "matter distribution in galactic halos" ], [ "Hernquist model", "is a profile of", "matter distribution in galactic halos" ], [ "Moore model", "is a profile of", "matter distribution in galactic halos" ], [ "Taylor-Silk model", "is a profile of", "matter distribution in galactic halos" ], [ "matter distribution in galactic halos", "is source term for", "Einstein equations" ], [ "exact solutions", "represent", "metric of a central black hole" ], [ "central black hole", "is immersed in", "galactic halo" ], [ "solution", "is", "numerical in general case" ], [ "general analytical metrics", "include", "particular models" ], [ "mass of the galaxy", "is much smaller than", "characteristic scale in the halo" ] ], [ [ "observations", "reveal", "unexpected morphological features" ], [ "morphological features", "exist_in", "Milky Way stellar streams" ], [ "dark matter substructure", "induces", "local disruptions" ], [ "morphologies", "arise_in", "static nonspherical gravitational potentials" ], [ "resonantly trapped orbit families", "exist_in", "gravitational potentials" ], [ "transitions", "mark", "discontinuities in orbital structure" ], [ "numerical approach", "measures", "libration frequencies" ], [ "libration frequencies", "affect", "resonant orbits" ], [ "libration frequencies", "affect", "near-resonant orbits" ], [ "morphological features", "arise_in", "streams on near-resonant orbits" ], [ "fans", "arise_due_to", "spread in libration frequencies" ], [ "bifurcations", "arise_when", "separatrix splits orbital distribution" ], [ "orbital distribution", "is_split_by", "separatrix" ], [ "effects", "arise_in", "Milky Way streams" ], [ "dark matter halo potential", "can_be_chosen_to", "probe global shape of Milky Way\\'s gravitational potential" ] ], [ [ "stellar motions", "follow", "Keplerian ellipses" ], [ "stellar motions", "are subject to", "Kozai-Lidov oscillations" ], [ "nonspherically distributed matter", "perturbs", "gravity of central supermassive black hole" ], [ "Kozai-Lidov oscillations", "are affected by", "overall potential of host nuclear star cluster" ], [ "influence of host nuclear star cluster", "depends on", "properties of particular system" ], [ "Kozai-Lidov oscillations of eccentricity", "can be enhanced by", "extended potential of the cluster" ], [ "oscillations of eccentricity", "are typically damped", "in a general statistical sense" ], [ "damping efficiency", "may be small to negligible", "for suitable parameters of the system" ], [ "perturbing body", "is on", "eccentric orbit" ] ], [ [ "supermassive black holes", "are powered by", "hot accretion flows" ], [ "hot accretion flow", "is divided into", "two modes" ], [ "hot accretion flow", "has_mode", "SANE" ], [ "hot accretion flow", "has_mode", "MAD" ], [ "SANE", "is", "standard and normal evolution" ], [ "MAD", "is", "magnetically arrested disk" ], [ "rotation measure (RM) values", "are measured in", "M87" ], [ "rotation measure (RM) values", "are predicted by", "MAD" ], [ "rotation measure (RM) values", "are overestimated by", "SANE" ] ], [ [ "cosmic rays (CRs)", "interact_with", "multiphase interstellar medium (ISM)" ], [ "numerical magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations", "use", "two-moment CR solver" ], [ "TIGRESS simulations", "simulate", "star-forming galactic disks" ], [ "TIGRESS outputs", "assess_transport_of", "cosmic rays (CRs)" ], [ "MHD backreaction", "affects", "CR pressure" ], [ "CR transport", "occurs_in", "multiphase ISM gas" ], [ "CR pressure distribution", "is_predicted_by", "live MHD simulations" ], [ "CR pressure", "is_comparable_to", "other pressure components" ], [ "scale height of CRs", "is_larger_than", "gas scale height" ], [ "CRs", "drive", "galactic outflows" ], [ "extraplanar region", "is_above", "z = 500 pc" ], [ "boundary conditions", "flow_from", "midplane" ], [ "thermal and kinematic properties", "are_explored_for", "injected thermal gas" ], [ "injected thermal gas", "includes", "hot fast-moving outflows" ], [ "injected thermal gas", "includes", "cool slow-moving outflows" ], [ "supernova rate", "scales", "boundary conditions for CR energy density and flux" ], [ "cosmic rays (CRs)", "accelerate", "extraplanar material" ], [ "extraplanar material", "is mostly", "warm/warm-hot gas" ], [ "cosmic rays (CRs)", "stream_at", "Alfven speed" ], [ "effective sound speed", "increases_as", "density decreases" ], [ "cosmic rays (CRs)", "have_little_effect_on", "fast hot outflows" ], [ "injected CR momentum flux", "exceeds", "injected MHD momentum flux" ] ], [ [ "kinetic plasma dynamics", "studies", "collisionless relativistic jets" ], [ "velocity shear", "affects", "kinetic plasma dynamics" ], [ "particle-in-cell simulations", "conducted_in", "transverse plane of a jet" ], [ "intermittent magnetic reconnections (MRs)", "driven_by", "mushroom instability (MI)" ], [ "mushroom instability (MI)", "is_a", "kinetic-scale plasma instability" ], [ "mushroom instability (MI)", "occurs_in", "plasma shear flows" ], [ "MI-driven MR", "refers_to", "sequence of kinetic plasma phenomena" ], [ "MI-driven MRs", "move_reconnection_points_toward", "center of the jet" ], [ "number density of high-energy electrons", "increases_with_time_in", "region inside the initial velocity-shear surface" ], [ "high-energy electrons", "accelerated_by", "MI-driven MRs" ], [ "magnetic fields", "generated_and_ampified_by", "mushroom instability (MI)" ], [ "maximum Lorentz factor of electrons", "increases_with", "initial bulk Lorentz factor of the jet" ], [ "MI-driven MR", "relates_to", "bright synchrotron emission in the jet spine of an active galactic nucleus jet" ] ], [ [ "galactic winds", "influences", "formation of galaxies" ], [ "galactic winds", "driven by", "cosmic rays" ], [ "cosmic rays", "couples better to", "plasma" ], [ "NGC 4217", "has_observations_from", "CHANG-ES collaboration catalog" ], [ "mock observation", "based on", "arepo simulation" ], [ "arepo simulation", "adopts", "two-moment cosmic ray transport treatment" ], [ "arepo simulation", "adopts", "multiphase interstellar medium model" ], [ "simulated images", "agrees with", "observed images" ], [ "simulated spectroscopic data", "agrees with", "observed spectroscopic data" ], [ "intensity profiles", "depends on", "magnitude of the magnetic field" ], [ "intensity profiles", "depends on", "distance of the simulated galaxy" ], [ "intensity profiles", "depends on", "normalization of the CR electron spectrum" ], [ "multiwavelength spectrum", "in agreement with", "radio observations" ], [ "slope of the multiwavelength spectrum", "sensitive to", "magnetic field strength" ], [ "magnetic field direction", "exhibits", "X-shaped morphology" ], [ "X-shaped morphology", "seen in", "edge-on galaxies" ], [ "X-shaped morphology", "consistent with", "observations" ], [ "galactic-scale outflow", "indicated by", "X-shaped morphology" ], [ "advanced cosmic ray transport models", "important for", "simulations" ] ], [ [ "galactic winds", "comprised_of", "hot component" ], [ "galactic winds", "comprised_of", "cold component" ], [ "cloud-wind interaction", "acts_as", "source term for hot phase" ], [ "hot phase", "transports", "energy" ], [ "cold clouds", "entrained_by", "hot wind" ], [ "mixing", "dominates", "cold cloud acceleration" ], [ "cold cloud acceleration", "decelerates", "hot wind" ], [ "mixing", "causes", "thermalization of relative kinetic energy" ], [ "thermalization of relative kinetic energy", "provides", "significant heating" ], [ "systems with low hot phase mass loading factors", "can sustain", "higher initial cold phase mass loading factors" ], [ "higher initial cold phase mass loading factors", "are quickly shredded by", "clouds" ], [ "systems with large hot phase mass loading factors", "cannot sustain", "large initial cold phase mass loading factors" ], [ "clouds", "tend to grow with", "distance from galaxy" ], [ "parameterization of cloud-wind mass transfer rates", "informed by", "recent simulations" ] ], [ [ "accretion disks", "harbor", "supermassive black holes (SMBHs)" ], [ "supermassive black holes (SMBHs)", "located_in", "active galactic nuclei (AGN)" ], [ "active galactic nuclei (AGN)", "produce", "gamma-ray bursts (GRBs)" ], [ "detectability of GRB phenomena", "dependent_on", "dynamical evolution of GRB relativistic jets" ], [ "relativistic jets", "break_out_from", "AGN disks" ], [ "relativistic jets", "require", "sufficiently high luminosity" ], [ "relativistic jets", "require", "long enough duration" ], [ "normal GRB jets", "inclined_to", "be choked in AGN disks" ], [ "GRBs", "occur_near", "SMBH with low mass" ], [ "choked jets", "detect_emission_from", "forward shock" ], [ "forward shock", "expected_when", "shock is close to the edge of the disks" ], [ "shock breakout emission", "involves", "cooling of the shock" ] ], [ [ "gravitational lensing", "deflects", "gravitational waves (GWs)" ], [ "gravitational lensing", "deflects", "electromagnetic (EM) waves" ], [ "GW lensing", "is important for", "GW astronomy" ], [ "GW detection era", "has", "nearly 100 events" ], [ "ground-based interferometers", "reach", "design sensitivities" ], [ "detectors", "may observe", "strongly lensed GW signals" ], [ "strongly lensed GW signals", "are lensed by", "dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters" ], [ "strong lensing effects", "are important to analyze for", "GW signals" ], [ "GW observations", "cannot infer", "lens parameters for complex lens models" ], [ "lensed waveforms", "exhibit", "strong degeneracies between parameters" ], [ "additional EM information", "includes", "lens galaxy axis ratio" ], [ "additional EM information", "includes", "GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images" ], [ "spherically symmetric lens models", "allow recovery of", "lens parameters via GW information" ], [ "nonaxially symmetric lens models", "require", "four or more GW images" ], [ "nonaxially symmetric lens models", "require", "EM observations" ], [ "GW and EM observations", "improve", "inference of lens parameters" ] ], [ [ "interferometers", "detect", "gravitational waves" ], [ "interferometers", "are upgraded", "sensitivity" ], [ "sensitivity", "improves", "probability of observing strong lensing" ], [ "lensing object", "is analyzed", "observations" ], [ "model selection methodology", "performs", "strongly lensed gravitational-wave signals" ], [ "fast strong-lensing analysis pipeline GOLUM", "analyzes", "simulated lensed signals" ], [ "singular isothermal sphere model", "is preferred over", "point mass model" ], [ "gravitational-wave event pair GW191230-LGW200104", "was analyzed as", "potential lensing candidate" ], [ "GW191230-LGW200104", "was discarded", "full population and uncertain nature of second event" ], [ "methodology developed", "is available as", "Gravelamps software package" ] ], [ [ "Gravelamps", "analyzes", "gravitationally lensed gravitational wave signals" ], [ "Gravelamps", "constrains", "mass density profile of the lensing object" ], [ "Gravelamps", "uses", "parameter estimation via bilby" ], [ "bilby", "enables", "estimation of lens parameters" ], [ "bilby", "enables", "estimation of source parameters" ], [ "Gravelamps", "studies", "microlensing cases" ], [ "Gravelamps", "studies", "macrolensing cases" ], [ "lensing mass distribution", "is described by", "point-mass density profile" ], [ "lensing mass distribution", "is described by", "extended-mass density profile" ], [ "Gravelamps", "allows", "switch between full wave optics and approximate geometric optics description" ], [ "performance of Gravelamps", "is demonstrated via", "simulated analysis of microlensing and macrolensing events" ], [ "simulated analysis", "illustrates", "capability for parameter estimation" ], [ "simulated analysis", "illustrates", "capability for model selection" ], [ "Gravelamps", "analyzed", "gravitational-wave event GW170809" ], [ "GW170809", "yielded", "no strong evidence supporting the lensing hypothesis" ], [ "GW170809", "is consistent with", 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"DECIGO" ] ], [ [ "kilonovae", "originate from", "binary neutron stars (NSs)" ], [ "kilonovae", "originate from", "black hole-NS mergers" ], [ "free neutrons", "produce", "precursor via beta decay" ], [ "kilonovae", "might be", "gravitationally lensed by foreground objects" ], [ "point-mass model", "explores", "light curves of gravitationally lensed kilonovae" ], [ "singular isothermal sphere (SIS) model", "explores", "light curves of gravitationally lensed kilonovae" ], [ "Chang-Refsdal model", "explores", "light curves of gravitationally lensed kilonovae" ], [ "time delay between two images", "exceeds", "ejecta-heating timescale for lens mass similar to 10(10) M (circle dot)" ], [ "tiny bump-like signal", "will be generated in", "light curve" ], [ "total luminosity", "will be", "magnified in all cases" ], [ "polarization of lensed kilonovae", "is significantly enhanced in", "most cases" ], [ "future detections of lensed kilonovae", "will impose constraints on", "morphology of the ejecta" ], [ "future detections of lensed kilonovae", "will aid in", "determination of nature of compact object mergers" ], [ "future detections of lensed kilonovae", "will aid in", "search for strong gravitational lenses" ] ], [ [ "dark matter", "remains", "elusive" ], [ "terrestrial experiments", "nail down", "a model" ], [ "dark matter", "identified_based_on", "astrophysical or cosmological signatures" ], [ "dark matter substructure", "has signature in", "galaxy-galaxy strong lensing images" ], [ "machine-learning applications", "have been explored_for", "extracting this signal" ], [ "strong lensing images", "are limited in", "availability" ], [ "machine-learning models", "are trained_on", "simulations" ], [ "real instrumental data", "differ_from", "simulations" ], [ "domain adaptation", "serves_as", "a bridge between simulations and real data applications" ], [ "domain adaptation techniques", "applied to", "strong gravitational lensing data" ], [ "domain adaptation", "mitigates", 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of lensed class", "observed_as", "0.984(-0.342)(+0.012)" ], [ "successful detection criterion", "is", ">0.6" ], [ "uncertainty of estimated p-value", "ranges_from", "0 to 0.1" ], [ "GW190707_093326", "is_less_likely_to_be", "lensed event" ], [ "search", "finds", "no significant evidence of microlensing signature" ], [ "evaluated events", "are", "binary black hole events" ] ], [ [ "stellar binary black hole (sBBH) mergers", "may be lensed and detected by", "third generation of gravitational wave (GW) detectors" ], [ "lensed host galaxies", "may be detectable", "sBBH mergers" ], [ "detection fraction of galaxies", "can be different for", "survey with a given limiting magnitude" ], [ "sBBHs", "are produced by", "different mechanisms" ], [ "different mechanisms", "include", "evolution of massive binary stars" ], [ "different mechanisms", "include", "dynamical interactions in dense star clusters" ], [ "different mechanisms", "include", "production assisted by active galactic nuclei or massive black holes" ], [ "statistical spatial distributions", "can differ for", "lensed sBBHs in their hosts" ], [ "third generation of GW detectors", "and", "future large-scale galaxy surveys" ], [ "lensed events with identifiable lensing host signatures", "can help to", "constrain the origin of sBBHs" ], [ "lensed events", "can help to", "constrain fractional contributions from different sBBH formation mechanisms" ] ], [ [ "approximate Bayesian neural networks (BNNs)", "model", "time delay gravitational lenses" ], [ "Hubble constant (H-0)", "determined by", "BNNs" ], [ "BNN", "trained on", "synthetic Hubble Space Telescope quality images" ], [ "strongly lensed active galactic nuclei", "include", "lens galaxy light" ], [ "BNN", "characterizes", "posterior probability density functions (PDFs)" ], [ "PDFs", "govern", "elliptical power-law mass profile" ], [ "BNN-inferred posterior PDFs", "propagated into", "ensemble H-0 inference" ], [ "time delay measurements", "simulated in", "dedicated monitoring campaign" ], [ "reasonable set of priors", "assumed for", "environment of the lens" ], [ "inferred H-0", "achieves", "median precision of 9.3% per lens" ], [ "set of 200 test lenses", "results in", "precision of 0.5 km s(-1) Mpc(-1) (0.7%)" ], [ "H-0 recovery test", "has", "no detectable bias" ], [ "computation time", "translates to", "9 minutes per lens" ], [ "sample size", "increased results in", "6 minutes per lens" ], [ "automated and efficient pipeline", "is a tool for", "exploring ensemble-level systematics in lens modeling for H-0 inference" ] ], [ [ "Gaia", "has", "exquisite angular resolution" ], [ "Gaia Gravitational Lenses group (GraL)", "uses", "machine-learning techniques" ], [ "machine-learning techniques", "identify", "candidate strongly lensed quasars" ], [ "GraL", "has confirmed", "over two dozen new strongly lensed quasars" ], [ "Gaia Data Release 2", "is used by", "GraL" ], [ "12 quadruply imaged quasars", "identified by", "GraL" ], [ "20% increase", "is in", "the total number of confirmed quadruply imaged quasars" ], [ "candidate selection", "is discussed in", "this paper" ], [ "spectroscopic follow-up", "is discussed in", "this paper" ], [ "lens modeling", "is discussed in", "this paper" ], [ "spectroscopic failures", "are reported as", "aid for future investigations" ] ], [ [ "Symmetric achromatic variability (SAV)", "is attributed to", "gravitational milli-lensing" ], [ "gravitational milli-lensing", "is caused by", "10(2)-10(5) M (circle dot) mass condensate" ], [ "four SAVs", "have been identified in", "long-term radio monitoring data of PKS 1413 + 135" ], [ "gravitational lens model", "fits", "four SAVs" ], [ "PKS 1413 + 135", "provides unique system for studying", "active galactic nuclei" ], [ "active galactic nuclei", "studied with", "unprecedented microarcsecond resolution" ], [ "giant molecular cloud", "hosted in", "intervening edge-on spiral galaxy" ], [ "undetected dwarf galaxy", "contains", "massive black 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"epsilon" ], [ "deviation of subvoid amplitudes", "indicates", "theoretical insufficiencies" ], [ "theoretical insufficiencies", "are due to", "construction of model" ], [ "theoretical insufficiencies", "are due to", "assumed gravitational and cosmological framework" ] ], [ [ "total mass distribution", "is crucial for testing", "galaxy evolution theories" ], [ "strong gravitational lenses", "complement", "resolved dynamical observations" ], [ "dynamical observations", "are limited to", "z less than or equal to 0.5" ], [ "AGEL survey", "contains", "seven galaxy-scale lenses" ], [ "AGEL lenses", "modeled using", "HST/WFC3-F140W images" ], [ "lens models", "utilize", "Gravitational Lens Efficient Explorer (GLEE) software" ], [ "deflector redshifts", "are in the range", "0.3 < z(defl) < 0.9" ], [ "power-law density profile", "has slope", "gamma" ], [ "total density profile", "measured via", "lens modeling" ], [ "stellar velocity dispersions (sigma(obs))", "measured for", "four lenses" ], [ "sigma(obs)", "obtained from", "SDSS-BOSS" ], [ "observed velocity dispersions", "compared with", "model-predicted velocity dispersions" ], [ "average density profile slope", "measured as", "-1.95 +/- 0.09" ], [ "gamma-z relation", "does not evolve with", "redshift at z < 1" ], [ "result", "is consistent with", "some observations and simulations" ], [ "result", "differs from", "other studies at z < 1" ], [ "studies at z < 1", "suggest", "gamma-z relation evolves with redshift" ], [ "apparent conflicts", "may be due to", "systematics in lensing and dynamical modeling" ], [ "challenges", "involve", "comparing observations with simulations" ], [ "assumption", "is a simple power law for", "total mass distribution" ], [ "AGEL survey", "will provide", "stronger constraints on mass profiles" ], [ "mass profiles", "evolve with", "redshift as predicted by current theoretical models" ] ], [ [ "SDSS J1004+4112", "is", "gravitational lens system" ], [ "light curves", "span", "14.5 yr" ], [ "light 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"provide", "information about bulk compositions" ], [ "chemical abundances", "provide", "information about formation pathways" ], [ "chemical abundances", "provide", "information about evolutionary histories" ], [ "exoplanets with large cloud-free atmospheres", "offer", "opportunities for accurate abundance measurements" ], [ "WASP-127b", "is", "a sub-Saturn mass exoplanet" ], [ "WASP-127b", "is", "1.37 R-J" ], [ "WASP-127b", "is", "0.19M(J)" ], [ "transmission spectrum of WASP-127b", "measured using", "Hubble Space Telescope" ], [ "transmission spectrum of WASP-127b", "measured using", "Spitzer Space Telescope" ], [ "transmission spectrum", "contains", "absorption from Na" ], [ "transmission spectrum", "contains", "absorption from H2O" ], [ "transmission spectrum", "contains", "absorption from CO2" ], [ "transmission spectrum", "shows", "wavelength-dependent scattering from small-particle condensates" ], [ "atmospheric retrieval models", "enforce", "chemical equilibrium" ], [ "atmospheric retrieval models", "fit", "abundances freely" ], [ "retrieved abundances for Na", "are", "supersolar" ], [ "retrieved abundances for O", "are", "supersolar" ], [ "retrieved abundances for C", "are", "supersolar" ], [ "abundances relative to solar values of Na", "are", "9(-6)(+15)" ], [ "abundances relative to solar values of O", "are", "16(-5)(+7)" ], [ "abundances relative to solar values of C", "are", "26(-9)(+12)" ], [ "supersolar CO2 volume mixing ratios", "imply", "bulk metallicity is supersolar" ], [ "CO2 abundance", "is", "highly sensitive to atmospheric metallicity" ], [ "significance of water detection", "is", "13.7 sigma" ], [ "detection of Na", "agrees with", "previous ground-based detections" ], [ "abundance of Na", "is", "lower than previous detections" ], [ "no evidence for Li or K", "found despite", "increased sensitivity" ], [ "spectroscopy with James Webb Space Telescope", "will constrain", "WASP-127b's C/O ratio" ], [ "spectroscopy with James Webb Space 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], [ "free retrieval", "results_in", "elevated CO abundance" ], [ "CO abundance", "leads_to", "supersolar C/O ratio" ], [ "chemical-equilibrium model", "results_in", "C/O of 0.68" ], [ "C/O of 0.68", "is", "consistent with solar values" ], [ "metallicity", "is", "0.62" ], [ "Fe feature", "has_offset_in", "Kp and vsyst" ], [ "3D structure of exoplanet atmospheres", "excludes", "time/phase dependence" ], [ "1D forward models", "requires", "further follow-up observations and analysis" ] ], [ [ "study of exoplanets", "reveal", "insights on evolution" ], [ "high-resolution transmission spectroscopy", "successfully characterizes", "Jupiter-type planets" ], [ "super-Earth exoplanet 55 Cnc e", "is studied as", "promising terrestrial exoplanet" ], [ "high-resolution spectroscopic transit observation", "acquired with", "PEPSI instrument" ], [ "PEPSI instrument", "located at", "Large Binocular Telescope" ], [ "presence of Earth-like crust species", "suggests", "possible silicate-vapor atmosphere" ], [ "search in transmission spectrum", "investigates", "absorption of atomic and ionized species" ], [ "no absorption found for", "investigated species", "Fe" ], [ "no absorption found for", "investigated species", "Fe (+)" ], [ "no absorption found for", "investigated species", "Ca" ], [ "no absorption found for", "investigated species", "Ca (+)" ], [ "no absorption found for", "investigated species", "Mg" ], [ "no absorption found for", "investigated species", "K" ], [ "set absorption limits", "median value of", "1.9 x R-P" ], [ "no evidence found for", "silicate envelope", "on super-Earth 55 Cnc e" ] ], [ [ "energetic particles", "impact", "exoplanet atmospheres" ], [ "chemical signature", "due_to", "ionization" ], [ "stellar energetic particles", "produce", "ionization in molecular hydrogen" ], [ "Galactic cosmic rays", "produce", "ionization in molecular hydrogen" ], [ "GJ 436", "is", "a well-studied M dwarf" ], [ "GJ 436 b", "is", "a warm Neptune-like exoplanet" ], [ "maximum stellar energetic particle momentum", "can be estimated from", "stellar X-ray luminosity" ], [ "energetic particle transport", "modeled_through", "atmosphere of hypothetical exoplanet" ], [ "orbital distances", "are between", "0.01 and 0.2 au from GJ 436" ], [ "GJ 436 b\\'s orbital distance", "is", "0.028 au" ], [ "stellar energetic particles", "ionize", "molecular hydrogen" ], [ "ionization rate due to stellar energetic particles", "is similar to", "4 x 10(-10) to 2 x 10(-13) s(-1)" ], [ "ionization rate due to Galactic cosmic rays", "is similar to", "2 x 10(-20)-10(-18) s(-1)" ], [ "ionization due to Galactic cosmic rays", "equals", "ionization due to stellar energetic particles at 10 au" ], [ "maximum ion-pair production rate", "occurs at", "pressure P similar to 10(-3) bar at GJ 436 b\\'s orbital distance" ], [ "Galactic cosmic rays", "dominate", "for P > 10(2) bar" ], [ "high pressures", "are similar to", "post-impact early Earth atmosphere" ], [ "results", "will be used to quantify", "chemical signatures of energetic particles in warm Neptune-like atmospheres" ] ], [ [ "synchronously rotating exoplanets", "have", "3D atmospheres" ], [ "fast vertical winds", "mix", "atmosphere" ], [ "fast horizontal winds", "mix", "atmosphere" ], [ "horizontal mixing", "has_only_been_investigated_for", "a few case studies" ], [ "this paper", "aims_to_generalize", "impact of horizontal and vertical mixing on exoplanet atmospheres" ], [ "post-processed forward models", "are_applied_to", "synchronously rotating gaseous exoplanets" ], [ "effective temperature", "varies_between", "400 and 2600 K" ], [ "surface gravity", "is_varying_with", "effective temperature" ], [ "rotation rate", "is_varying_with", "effective temperature" ], [ "planets with effective temperatures below 1400 K", "tend_to_have", "horizontally homogeneous chemical compositions" ], [ "planets hotter than 1400 K", "exhibit", "large compositional day-night differences for CH4" ], [ "planet’s rotation rate", "impacts", "planetary climate" ], [ "planetary climate", "affects", "molecular abundances" ], [ "molecular abundances", "affect", "transmission spectrum" ], [ "disequilibrium chemistry", "impacts", "exoplanet transmission spectrum" ], [ "temperature", "has_most_profound_impact_on", "disequilibrium chemistry" ], [ "temperature differences", "cause", "limb asymmetries" ], [ "limb asymmetries", "could_be_observable_with", "James Webb Space Telescope" ] ], [ [ "transmission spectroscopy", "conducted_on", "bloated hot Jupiter WASP-74b" ], [ "wavelength range", "from", "4000 to 6200 angstrom" ], [ "two transit events", "observed_with", "Very Large Telescope (VLT) Focal Reducer and Spectrograph" ], [ "new method", "measures", "exoplanet transit depth" ], [ "transit depth", "functions_of", "wavelength" ], [ "new method", "removes_need_for", "reference star" ], [ "new method", "corrects", "spectroscopic light curves" ], [ "spectroscopic light curves", "are_affected_by", "atmospheric extinction" ], [ "new method", "provides", "improved precision" ], [ "average transit depth uncertainty", "is", "211 ppm" ], [ "solar-type star", "has", "V = 9.8 mag" ], [ "wavelength bins", "are", "80 angstrom" ], [ "VLT transmission spectrum", "analysed_with", "published data from Hubble Space Telescope" ], [ "VLT transmission spectrum", "analysed_with", "published data from Spitzer" ], [ "transmission spectrum", "exhibits", "mostly featureless slope" ], [ "equilibrium chemistry retrievals with platon", "favour", "hazes in the upper atmosphere" ], [ "free chemistry retrievals with aura", "support", "presence of hazes" ], [ "additional constraints", "depend_on", "choice of atmospheric model" ], [ "residual systematics", "influence", "data sets" ], [ "results", "demonstrate", "utility of new techniques" ], [ "new techniques", "analysis_of", "optical ground-based spectroscopic data" ], [ "new techniques", "are_complementary_to", "follow-up observations in the infrared with JWST" ] ], [ [ "emission spectroscopy", "observes", "atmospheres of rocky exoplanets" ], [ "hydro", "is a", "atmospheric retrieval framework" ], [ "hydro", "interprets", "spectra of secondary atmospheres" ], [ "hydro", "assesses", "chemical constraints on rocky exoplanet atmospheres" ], [ "JWST", "detects", "thermal emission of rocky exoplanets" ], [ ">30 known rocky exoplanets", "are detectable by", "JWST/MIRI" ], [ "LHS 3844 b", "requires", "eight eclipses for atmospheric characterization" ], [ "GJ 1132 b", "requires", "eight eclipses for atmospheric characterization" ], [ "Trappist-1 b", "requires", "30 eclipses for atmosphere detection" ], [ "cloud-free CO2-rich composition", "allows", "detection of CO2 and H2O" ], [ "bare rock scenario", "is ruled out by", "cloud-free CO2-rich composition" ], [ "cloud-free CO2-rich atmosphere", "is detectable by", "MIRI LRS" ], [ "CO2-H2O atmosphere", "is detectable by", "MIRI LRS" ] ], [ [ "observing cadence", "affects", "precision of radius ratio values" ], [ "transit light curves", "are fitted by", "Markov chain Monte Carlo" ], [ "46 exoplanets", "are observed by", "Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)" ], [ "fits to 20 s cadence light curves", "improve", "radius precision by almost 50 per cent" ], [ "fits to 120 s cadence light curves", "improve", "radius precision by almost 50 per cent" ], [ "fits to 600 s cadence light curves", "improve", "radius precision by 37 per cent" ], [ "fits to 1800 s cadence light curves", "serve as", "baseline for comparison" ], [ "radius precision improvements", "are important for", "constraining properties of radius valley" ], [ "radius precision improvements", "are important for", "characterizing exoplanet atmospheres" ], [ "numerical information analysis", "predicts", "precision of parameter estimates" ], [ "shortening observing cadence", "reduces", "errors in predicted percentage precision" ], [ "shortened observing cadence", "could improve", "precision of 157 TESS objects" ], [ "reobservations with 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], [ "time-series spectra", "have_resolution", "similar to 380" ], [ "transmission spectrum", "has_precision", "1.03 x photon noise" ], [ "transmission spectrum", "has_uncertainty", "357 ppm" ], [ "transmission spectrum", "uses_bins", "200 angstrom-wide" ], [ "transmission spectrum", "indicates", "cloudy model" ], [ "cloudy model", "rules_out", "clear atmosphere" ], [ "clear atmosphere", "has_confidence", "3.0 sigma" ], [ "sodium abundance", "has_limit_under", "clear atmosphere scenario" ], [ "HATS-46 b", "is eighth_planet_in", "LRG-BEASTS survey" ], [ "LRG-BEASTS survey", "uses", "4 m-class telescopes" ], [ "4 m-class telescopes", "obtain", "low-resolution transmission spectra" ], [ "low-resolution transmission spectra", "have_precision", "around one atmospheric scale height" ] ], [ [ "clouds and features in exoplanet atmospheres", "cause", "variations in brightness" ], [ "ground-based instruments", "monitor", "faint companions" ], [ "ground-based instruments", "lack", "simultaneous 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"comparisons of limb darkening inferences", "show", "good agreement" ], [ "precisions of measurements", "are better by", "up to a factor of 2" ], [ "1D non-magnetic model atmospheres", "fail_to_reproduce", "observations" ], [ "3D MHD simulations", "are", "qualitatively consistent" ], [ "limb darkening measurements", "confirm", "Kepler-17 has high magnetic field" ], [ "limb darkening measurements", "confirm", "WASP-18 has high magnetic field" ], [ "limb darkening measurements", "confirm", "KELT-24 has high magnetic field" ], [ "study", "paves_the_way_for", "estimating stellar surface magnetic field using limb darkening measurements" ] ], [ [ "high-resolution precision spectroscopy", "provides", "techniques for probing exoplanetary atmospheres" ], [ "VLT/ESPRESSO", "conducts", "transit observations of WASP-19b" ], [ "WASP-19b", "has", "disputed atmospheric features" ], [ "spectral synthesis and modelling", "calculates", "stellar parameters" ], [ "spectral synthesis and modelling", 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"hazy atmosphere" ], [ "low-resolution transmission spectra", "cannot be explained by", "unocculted starspots" ], [ "reanalysis of FORS2 spectra", "finds", "sub-solar TiO abundance" ], [ "TiO abundance", "is consistent with", "TiO hint from ESPRESSO" ] ], [ [ "retrieval methods", "model", "exoplanetary atmospheres" ], [ "retrieval methods", "estimate", "bulk physical and chemical properties" ], [ "taurex3", "is_adapted_for", "near-infrared spectrophotometry analysis" ], [ "taurex3", "analyzes", "directly imaged gas giant exoplanets" ], [ "taurex3", "analyzes", "brown dwarfs" ], [ "GJ 570D", "is_analyzed_by", "taurex3" ], [ "results for GJ 570D", "are_consistent_with", "previous retrieval studies" ], [ "systematic biases", "are_exhibited_by", "GJ 570D" ], [ "GJ 570D", "contains", "alkali lines" ], [ "51 Eri b", "is_analyzed_by", "taurex3" ], [ "51 Eri b", "is_first_application_of", "free chemistry retrieval analysis" ], [ "GPI", "provides", "spectroscopic observations for 51 Eri b" ], [ "SPHERE", "provides", "spectroscopic observations for 51 Eri b" ], [ "retrieval analysis", "explains", "spectroscopic observations" ], [ "retrieval analysis", "explains", "photometric observations" ], [ "flexible temperature-pressure profile", "mimics", "presence of clouds" ], [ "ammonia detection", "has_confidence of", "2.7 sigma" ], [ "ammonia", "is_detected_in", "directly imaged exoplanetary atmosphere" ], [ "ammonia detection", "is_consistent_with", "presence in brown dwarfs of similar spectral type" ], [ "chemical similarities", "exist_between", "51 Eri b and GJ 570D" ], [ "retrieved molecular abundances", "are_related_to", "chemical similarities" ], [ "overall retrieval conclusions for 51 Eri b", "vary_with", "different spectral data" ], [ "overall retrieval conclusions for 51 Eri b", "vary_with", "different modelling components" ] ], [ [ "Shannon entropy based method", "derives", "diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model" ], [ "Shannon entropy based method", "derives", "instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model" ], [ "unperturbed integrals", "define_initial_space", "diffusion time estimation" ], [ "least-squares fit on variance evolution", "compared_with", "Shannon entropy method" ], [ "numerical integrations of equations of motion", "compared_with", "Shannon entropy method" ], [ "physical results", "reveal", "chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models" ], [ "chaotic motion in triaxial models", "negligible_on", "galactic time-scales" ], [ "physical results", "agree_with", "previous qualitative approaches" ] ], [ [ "Supermassive black holes", "dominate", "gravitational potential in galactic nuclei" ], [ "stars", "follow", "Keplerian orbits" ], [ "orbital planes", "relax", "potential fluctuations generated by the stellar cluster" ], [ "vector resonant relaxation", "results_in", "orbital planes self-alignment of massive stars" ], [ "massive stars", "self-align", "within a narrow disc" ], [ "maximum entropy method", "determines", 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"Galactic outflow model", "found_to_be_compatible_with", "presence of hot ionized gas in Galactic halo" ], [ "model", "able_to_reproduce", "observed Fermi-LAT energy flux" ], [ "prediction", "made_for", "gamma-ray emission for 1-3 TeV photons" ], [ "gamma-ray emission prediction", "for_comparison_with", "CTA/SWGO measurements" ] ], [ [ "analytical potential-density pairs", "describe", "galactic bars" ], [ "analytical potential-density pairs", "include", "boxy components" ], [ "analytical potential-density pairs", "include", "peanut components" ], [ "two reasonably realistic compound models", "illustrate", "analytical potential-density pairs" ], [ "computer code", "evaluates", "potential" ], [ "computer code", "evaluates", "forces" ], [ "computer code", "evaluates", "density" ], [ "computer code", "evaluates", "projected density" ] ], [ [ "galactic outflows", "powered_by", "active galactic nuclei (AGNs)" ], [ "wind shocks", "considered_as", "physical model for galactic outflows" ], [ "radiation pressure on dust", "considered_as", "physical model for galactic outflows" ], [ "AGN radiative feedback scenario", "compared_with", "observations of galactic outflows" ], [ "radiation pressure-driven shell models", "compared_with", "observational data from molecular outflows" ], [ "observed dynamics of galactic outflows", "reproduced_by", "AGN radiative feedback" ], [ "inclusion of radiation trapping", "included_in", "AGN radiative feedback" ], [ "luminosity evolution", "included_in", "AGN radiative feedback" ], [ "predicted scalings of outflow energetics", "account_for", "observational scaling relations" ], [ "sources with ultrafast outflow detections", "located_in", "forbidden region of the N-H-lambda plane" ], [ "sources with molecular outflow detections", "located_in", "forbidden region of the N-H-lambda plane" ], [ "encouraging agreement", "obtained_over", "wide range of AGN and host galaxy parameters" ], [ "AGN radiative feedback", "considered_for", "driving galactic outflows" ], [ "wind feedback", "considered_alongside", "AGN radiative feedback" ], [ "results", "discussed_in", "context of recent observational findings" ], [ "results", "discussed_in", "context of numerical simulations" ] ], [ [ "nucleus of M31", "contains", "eccentric nuclear disc" ], [ "eccentric nuclear disc", "contains", "stars on eccentric orbits" ], [ "eccentric nuclear disc", "orbits_around", "supermassive black hole" ], [ "previous studies of eccentric nuclear discs", "considered_only", "isolated disc" ], [ "previous studies of eccentric nuclear discs", "did_not_study", "dynamics under galaxy mergers" ], [ "galactic merger", "affects", "eccentric discs" ], [ "N-body simulations", "study", "disc under different SMBH initial conditions" ], [ "second SMBH in the disc", "disrupts", "eccentric nuclear disc" ], [ "more distant SMBHs", "can_shut_off", "differential precession" ], [ "more distant SMBHs", "can_stabilize", "eccentric nuclear disc" ], [ "more aligned disc", "results_from", "stabilized eccentric nuclear disc" ], [ "nearly uniform eccentricity profile", "results_from", "stabilized eccentric nuclear disc" ], [ "suppression of tidal disruption events", "compared_to", "isolated disc" ], [ "implications of our work", "discusses", "presence of secondary SMBH in M31" ] ], [ [ "Central Molecular Zone", "is_part_of", "Galaxy" ], [ "Central Molecular Zone", "has", "high-velocity dispersions" ], [ "Central Molecular Zone", "has", "steep size-linewidth relation of molecular clouds" ], [ "Central Molecular Zone", "has", "lower star formation rate than expected" ], [ "turbulent state of star-forming gas", "is_dominated_by", "rotational modes" ], [ "Galactic gravitational potential", "affects", "turbulence in CMZ clouds" ], [ "CMZ cloud G0.253+0.016", "is_named", "the Brick" ], [ "the Brick", "is", "very quiescent" ], [ "the Brick", "is_unlikely_to_be", "kinematically dominated by stellar feedback" ], [ "kinematic properties of the Brick", "arise_naturally_in", "cloud-scale hydrodynamics simulation" ], [ "cloud-scale hydrodynamics simulation", "takes_into_account", "Galactic gravitational potential" ], [ "line-of-sight velocity distribution", "is_property_of", "the Brick" ], [ "steepened size-linewidth relation", "is_property_of", "the Brick" ], [ "predominantly solenoidal nature of turbulence", "is_property_of", "the Brick" ], [ "properties in simulation", "result_from", "Galactic shear and cloud''s gravitational collapse" ], [ "Galactic gravitational potential", "plays_role_in", "shaping CMZ gas kinematics" ], [ "Galactic gravitational potential", "is_contributor_to", "suppressing star formation rate" ], [ "Galactic gravitational potential", "induces", "predominantly solenoidal turbulent modes" ] ], [ [ "high-velocity stars", "searched_in", "Galactic bulge" ], [ "red clump stars", "used_as_sample", "high-velocity stars" ], [ "high-velocity stars", "considered_as", "hypervelocity stars (HVSs)" ], [ "HVSs ejection", "relies_on", "interaction with supermassive black hole (SMBH)" ], [ "supermassive black hole (SMBH)", "located_at", "centre of the Galaxy" ], [ "HVSs", "detected_in", "inner region of the Galaxy" ], [ "detection of HVSs", "constrains", "ejection mechanism models" ], [ "stellar dynamics", "explored_in", "Galactic centre" ], [ "recent stellar interaction", "influences", "supermassive black hole (SMBH)" ], [ "methodology", "developed_by", "our group" ], [ "sample of preliminary data", "sourced_from", "VISTA Variables in the Via Lactea (VVV) Infrared Astrometric Catalogue (VIRAC2)" ], [ "Gaia DR3 data", "included_in", "search for HVSs" ], [ "search for HVSs", "resulted_in", "sample of 46 stars" ], [ "sample of 46 stars", "have_transverse_velocities_larger_than", "local escape velocity" ], [ "four prime candidate HVSs", "identified_with", "high-proper motions" ], [ "high-proper motions", "consistent_with", "ejections from Galactic centre" ], [ "sample of reddened stars", "studied_without", "Gaia DR3 counterpart" ], [ "481 stars", "found_with_transverse_velocities_larger_than", "local escape velocity" ], [ "65 stars", "have_proper_motions_pointing_out_of", "Galactic centre" ], [ "65 stars", "are_candidate", "hypervelocity stars (HVSs)" ], [ "69 candidate HVSs", "point_away_from", "Galactic centre" ] ], [ [ "wide stellar binaries", "have", "observed superthermal eccentricity distribution function" ], [ "superthermal eccentricity distribution function", "approximated_by", "P(e) e(alpha) with alpha approximate to 1.3" ], [ "eccentricity distribution function", "evolves_under_influence_of", "tidal torques from the Galactic disc" ], [ "eccentricity distribution function", "evolves_under_influence_of", "scattering by passing stars" ], [ "eccentricity distribution function", "evolves_under_influence_of", "molecular clouds" ], [ "eccentricity distribution function", "evolves_under_influence_of", "substructure" ], [ "Galactic tides alone", "cannot_produce", "superthermal eccentricity DF" ], [ "superthermal eccentricity DF", "transformed_by", "Galactic tides" ], [ "Galactic tides", "transforms", "eccentricity DF with initial power-law index a(i) into another power law with index alpha(f)" ], [ "eccentricity DF", "described_by", "effective power-law index alpha(eff)" ], [ "time-scale for transformation", "similar_to", "4 Gyr (a/10(4)AU)(-3/2)" ], [ "thin Galactic disc model", "adopted_in", "numerical integration of equations of motion" ], [ "GAIA data", "improves", "results on wide binary formation channels" ] ], [ [ "Gaia DR3", "provides", "coordinates for 34 million stars" ], [ "Gaia DR3", "provides", "parallaxes for 34 million stars" ], [ "Gaia DR3", "provides", "proper motions for 34 million stars" ], [ "Gaia DR3", "provides", "radial velocities for 34 million stars" ], [ "combined 6D phase space information", "used_to_search_for", "hypervelocity stars (HVSs)" ], [ "hypervelocity stars (HVSs)", "accelerated_by", "dynamical processes in Galactic Centre" ], [ "kinematics of Gaia DR3 stars", "looked_at_in", "Galactocentric coordinates" ], [ "orbits of Gaia DR3 stars", "integrated_in", "Galactic potential" ], [ "no HVS candidates", "identified_with_velocity_higher_than", "700 km s(-1)" ], [ "massive black hole Sgr A*", "responsible_for", "HVS ejections from Galactic Centre" ], [ "ejection rate of HVSs", "derived_limits_on", "HVS ejection rate and primary star mass function slope" ], [ "HVS ejection rate", "less_than_or_equal_to", "8 x 10(-5) yr(-1)" ], [ "mass function slope of primary star among binaries", "less_than_or_equal_to", "-2.35" ], [ "top-heavy initial mass functions", "disfavoured_by", "HVS ejection rate findings" ] ], [ [ "kinematic investigations", "carried_out_with", "spatial velocities of red giants and subgiants" ], [ "spatial velocities of red giants and subgiants", "contained_in", "Gaia EDR3 catalogue" ], [ "12 kinematic parameters", "derived_for", "Ogorodnikov-Milne model" ], [ "Ogorodnikov-Milne model", "applied_to", "stellar systems with radii of 0.5 and 1.0 kpc" ], [ "stellar systems", "located_along", "Galactic Centre-the Sun-the Galactic anticentre" ], [ "Galactocentric distances", "range", "R=0-8-16 kpc" ], [ "local parameters", "combined_to_receive", "information related to the Galaxy as a whole" ], [ "information related to the Galaxy as a whole", "received_in", "distance range of 4-12 kpc" ], [ "circular velocity curve", "of", "red giant and subgiant centroids" ], [ "slope", "of", "circular velocity curve" ], [ "velocity gradients", "of", "circular velocity curve" ], [ "approach", "allows_inference_of", "behaviour of circular velocity curve" ], [ "behaviour of circular velocity curve", "without_using", "Galactocentric distance R-circle dot" ], [ "kinematic parameters derived", "in_good_agreement_with", "those given in the literature" ] ], [ [ "orbital precession", "derived for", "S2 star in the Galactic Centre" ], [ "S2 star in the Galactic Centre", "exists in", "Galactic Centre" ], [ "scalar-tensor-vector gravity", "discussed in relation to", "orbital precession" ], [ "previous research", "compared_with", "scalar-tensor-vector gravity predictions" ], [ "geodesic equations", "numerically integrated for", "test particle" ], [ "two different predictions", "validated by", "numerically integrating geodesic equations" ] ], [ [ "gas accretion in streams", "impacts", "evolution of disc galaxies" ], [ "magnetohydrodynamic simulations", "include", "advection and anisotropic diffusion of cosmic rays" ], [ "cosmic rays", "generated by", "supernovae" ], [ "stream accretion", "suggested as", "important galaxy growth mechanism" ], [ "stream accretion", "varies in", "orientation and angular momentum" ], [ "accretion streams", "trigger", "formation of galactic rings" ], [ "accretion streams", "enhance", "star formation" ], [ "low angular momentum accretion streams", "result in", "higher star formation rates" ], [ "low angular momentum accretion streams", "result in", "higher CR-driven outflow rates" ], [ "low angular momentum accretion streams", "result in", "more compact discs" ], [ "CR generated outflows", "show", "characteristic structure" ], [ "gas at low outflow velocities", "involves", "fountain flow" ], [ "gas at high outflow velocities", "penetrating into", "halo" ], [ "gas at high outflow velocities", "has", "close to zero angular momentum" ], [ "gas at high outflow velocities", "originates from", "centre of the galaxies" ], [ "mass loading factors of CR-driven outflows", "are of", "the order of unity and higher" ], [ "process", "is important for", "removal of low angular momentum gas from disc galaxies" ], [ "process", "is important for", "transport of metal enriched material from galactic centres" ] ], [ [ "GEMS catalogue", "presents", "extra-tidal stars and binaries" ], [ "three-body dynamical encounters", "create", "extra-tidal stars and binaries" ], [ "Corespray", "samples", "extra-tidal stars and escaped recoil binaries" ], [ "159 Galactic globular clusters", "sampled_by", "Corespray" ], [ "sky positions", "provided_for", "simulated stars" ], [ "kinematics", "provided_for", "simulated stars" ], [ "stellar properties", "provided_for", "simulated stars" ], [ "escape information", "provided_for", "simulated stars" ], [ "stellar orbits", "integrated_in", "seven different static and time-varying Milky Way gravitational potential models" ], [ "structure of the disc", "investigated_in", "Milky Way gravitational potential models" ], [ "perturbations from the Large Magellanic Cloud", "investigated_in", "Milky Way gravitational potential models" ], [ "mass and sphericity of the Milky Way's dark matter halo", "investigated_in", "Milky Way gravitational potential models" ], [ "action coordinates", "found_to_be", "Galactic model independent" ], [ "minor offsets and broadening of the distributions", "likely_due_to", "interactions with substructure" ], [ "stellar stream contamination", "reported_by", "globular cluster core stars and binaries" ], [ "pericentre radii larger than five kiloparsecs", "associated_with", "stellar stream contamination" ], [ "action coordinates", "provide", "quantitative tool" ], [ "quantitative tool", "matches", "field stars to host clusters" ], [ "GEMS catalogue", "combined_with", "information of observed stars" ], [ "extra-tidal field stars", "associated_with", "Galactic globular clusters" ], [ "quantitative tool", "necessary_for", "understanding population-level dynamics and evolution of clusters in the Milky Way" ] ], [ [ "coupling between different galactic components", "is a problem in", "galactic dynamics" ], [ "basis function expansions (BFEs)", "used for", "dynamical data mining" ], [ "multichannel singular spectrum analysis (mSSA)", "used for", "dynamical data mining" ], [ "two multicomponent disc-halo dipole modes", "discovered in", "Milky-Way-like simulated galaxy" ], [ "one mode", "grows throughout", "the simulation" ], [ "the other mode", "decays throughout", "the simulation" ], [ "multicomponent disc-halo modes", "driven by", "the halo" ], [ "multicomponent disc-halo modes", "have implications for", "structural evolution of galaxies" ], [ "structural evolution of galaxies", "includes observations of", "lopsidedness" ], [ "structural evolution of galaxies", "includes observations of", "non-axisymmetric structure" ], [ "modes", "create", "surface density features" ], [ "surface density features", "relative to", "equilibrium model stellar disc" ], [ "simulated galaxy", "constructed to be in", "equilibrium" ], [ "BFE + mSSA", "uncovered evidence of", "persistent periodic signals" ], [ "persistent periodic signals", "incited by", "disequilibrium" ], [ "persistent periodic signals", "includes", "rings" ], [ "persistent periodic signals", "includes", "weak two-armed spirals" ], [ "method", "is sensitive to", "distinct evolutionary features" ], [ "sensitivity", "is effective at", "1 per cent level of surface density variation" ], [ "mSSA", "produced", "clean signals for both modes" ], [ "mSSA", "efficiently removing", "variance owing to estimator noise" ], [ "discovery of multicomponent halo-disc modes", "is motivation for", "application of BFE + mSSA" ], [ "BFE + mSSA", "to be applied to", "dynamics of multicomponent interacting galaxies" ] ], [ [ "LA-LPV candidates", "trace", "kinematics and dynamics of the Milky Way bar" ], [ "LA-LPVs", "intrinsically bright", "GAIA DR3" ], [ "LA-LPVs", "follow", "tight period-luminosity relation" ], [ "LA-LPVs", "have", "reliable radial velocity measurements" ], [ "period-luminosity relation", "assigned", "distance moduli" ], [ "distance moduli", "acquire", "full 6D phase space information" ], [ "assigned distances", "validated by comparing to", "geometric distances" ], [ "assigned distances", "validated by comparing to", "StarHorse distances" ], [ "sample", "provides", "panoramic picture of the inner Galaxy" ], [ "mapping", "reveals", "kinematics of the inner Milky Way" ], [ "kinematic signature", "corresponds to", "Galactic bar" ], [ "pattern speed of the Galactic bar", "measured using", "continuity equation" ], [ "pattern speed of the Galactic bar", "finds", "Omega(b) = 34.1 +/- 2.4 km s(-1) kpc(-1)" ], [ "method", "developed to measure", "dynamical length of the bar" ], [ "dynamical length of the bar", "finds", "R-b similar to 4.0 kpc" ], [ "measurements", "validated using", "N-body simulations" ], [ "gravitational potential of the inner Milky Way", "assumed to analyse", "orbital structure of the Galactic bar" ], [ "orbital frequency ratios", "analysed to ascertain", "orbital structure of the Galactic bar" ], [ "x(1) orbits", "dominant", "bar-supporting orbital family" ], [ "x(1)v(1) orbits", "constitute", "larger fraction of bar stars" ], [ "x(1)v(1) orbits", "imply dominance in", "Galactic X-shape" ] ], [ [ "supermassive black hole binaries", "driven to merger by", "dynamical friction" ], [ "supermassive black hole binaries", "driven to merger by", "loss-cone scattering of individual stars" ], [ "supermassive black hole binaries", "driven to merger by", "disc migration" ], [ "supermassive black hole binaries", "driven to merger by", "gravitational wave emission" ], [ "binaries in gas-poor galactic environments", "do not experience", "disc migration" ], [ "binaries in gas-poor galactic environments", "enter", "gravitational wave-dominated phase" ], [ "binaries in gas-poor galactic environments", "have roughly", "isotropic spin orientations" ], [ "binaries in gas-rich galactic environments", "might experience", "disc accretion" ], [ "Bardeen-Petterson effect", "acts to align", "spins of black holes" ], [ "spins of black holes", "aligned with", "orbital angular momentum of the disc" ], [ "disc breaking", "suppresses", "alignment" ], [ "large portion of parameter space", "showed", "alignment suppression" ], [ "semi-analytical model", "developed for", "joint gas-driven migration and spin alignment" ], [ "semi-analytical model", "accounts for", "impact of disc breaking" ], [ "model", "predicts", "distinct subpopulations of binaries" ], [ "efficiency of spin alignment", "determines", "subpopulations of binaries" ], [ "future gravitational wave observations", "could be used to", "discriminate between gas-rich and gas-poor hosts" ], [ "future gravitational wave observations", "could be used to", "constrain dynamics of warped accretion discs" ] ], [ [ "large-Galactic scales", "connected_to", "supermassive black hole scales" ], [ "Active Galactic nuclei", "powered_by", "accretion on to SMBH" ], [ "majority of AGN energy", "produced_in", "thin subpc accretion discs" ], [ "circumnuclear gas reservoirs", "at", "tens to hundreds of parsecs" ], [ "accretion disc scales", "at", "<0.01 pc" ], [ "subgrid prescriptions", "used_in", "large-scale simulations" ], [ "subgrid prescriptions", "reproduce", "large-scale feedback" ], [ "realistic model", "proposed_in", "parsec-scale simulations" ], [ "accurate time-scales", "important_to_understand", "feedback effects on gas dynamics" ], [ "feedback", "affects", "gas dynamics" ], [ "feedback", "affects", "star formation in the vicinity of AGN" ], [ "thin accretion disc model", "coupled_to", "SMBH" ], [ "set of hydrodynamical simulations", "of", "retrograde collision between gas ring and molecular cloud" ], [ "retrograde collision", "in", "environment similar to the Galactic Centre" ], [ "Gadget-3", "is", "SPH code" ], [ "disc-mediated feeding of SMBH", "is", "relatively smooth and delayed compared to instantaneous feeding" ], [ "reduction of accretion", "due_to", "feedback" ], [ "central cavity", "appears_in", "accretion disc runs" ], [ "less volatile accretion phase", "could_have", "greater impact on surrounding gas" ] ], [ [ "flattened axisymmetric galactic potentials", "host", "minor orbit families" ], [ "minor orbit families", "surround", "orbits with commensurable frequencies" ], [ "orbits that belong to minor orbit families", "behave_differently_than", "typical orbits with non-commensurable frequencies" ], [ "separatrix", "divides", "stellar streams into two groups of stars" ], [ "stellar streams", "belong_to", "two different orbit families" ], [ "streams near the separatrix", "diffuse", "more rapidly than streams elsewhere in the potential" ], [ "Hamiltonian perturbation theory", "estimates", "time-scale of the effect" ], [ "stream evolving close to separatrix", "is affected_by", "separatrix" ], [ "stream-fanning", "investigated_in", "simulations with triaxial potentials" ], [ "separatrix divergence", "causes", "at least one prior report of stream-fanning" ], [ "results", "lay_foundation_for", "method of mapping orbit families" ], [ "morphology of stellar streams", "used_for", "mapping the orbit families of galactic potentials" ], [ "predictions", "compared_with", "currently known distribution of streams in the Milky Way" ], [ "new way", "constrains", "shape of Galaxy\\'s potential" ], [ "dark matter", "distributed_in", "Galaxy\\'s potential" ] ], [ [ "star formation efficiency (SFE)", "varies_across", "different environments" ], [ "star formation efficiency (SFE)", "varies_within", "galactic starbursts" ], [ "star formation efficiency (SFE)", "varies_within", "bulges of galaxies" ], [ "quenching mechanisms", "may_be_responsible", "galactic dynamics" ], [ "quenching mechanisms", "may_be_responsible", "feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGNs)" ], [ "spatially resolved observations", "use", "warm ionized gas emission lines" ], [ "warm ionized gas emission lines", "include", "H beta" ], [ "warm ionized gas emission lines", "include", "[O iii" ], [ "warm ionized gas emission lines", "include", "[N ii" ], [ "warm ionized gas emission lines", "include", "H alpha" ], [ "warm ionized gas emission lines", "include", "[S ii" ], [ "SITELLE", "is_instrument_used_at", "Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT)" ], [ "cold molecular gas", "measured_with", "(CO)-C-12(2-1)" ], [ "(CO)-C-12(2-1)", "is_observed_by", "Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA)" ], [ "SFE", "studied_in", "bulge of AGN-host galaxy NGC 3169" ], [ "star-forming regions", "distinguished_from", "AGN-ionized regions" ], [ "emission-line ratio diagnostics", "used_for", "distinguishing star-forming regions" ], [ "spatially resolved molecular gas depletion times", "measured_as", "1/SFE" ], [ "spatially resolved molecular gas depletion times", "with_resolution_of", "approximately 100 pc" ], [ "spatially resolved molecular gas depletion times", "within", "galactocentric radius of 1.8 kpc" ], [ "star-forming ring", "located_at", "radii 1.25 +/- 0.6 kpc" ], [ "average depletion time", "of", "0.3 Gyr" ], [ "molecular gas surface densities", "increase_with", "decreasing radius" ], [ "depletion times", "reach", "approximately 2.3 Gyr" ], [ "depletion times", "at_radius", "approximately 500 pc" ], [ "analyses of gas kinematics", "based_on", "comparisons with simulations" ], [ "AGN feedback", "identified_as", "possible cause of radial profile of SFE" ], [ "bulge morphology", "identified_as", "possible cause of radial profile of SFE" ], [ "dynamics", "identified_as", "possible cause of radial profile of SFE" ] ], [ [ "dark matter", "hypothesized_as", "explanation of flat rotation curves of galaxies" ], [ "virialized orbits", "assumed_in", "dark matter hypothesis" ], [ "millisecond pulsar timing", "explored_as", "probe of Galactic dark matter content" ], [ "method of inference", "produced_for", "Galactic potential using frequency derivative" ], [ "estimate", "given_for", "virialized Galactic rotation curve" ], [ "direct observation", "used_for", "acceleration estimation" ], [ "data set", "includes", "210 pulsars with known and astrometric properties" ], [ "subset of data set", "has", "measured properties" ], [ "kinematic effects", "explored_in_principle_by", "data set" ], [ "values", "found_to_be", "too imprecise for radial velocity constraints" ], [ "surface magnetic field strengths", "inferred_from", "data set" ], [ "magnetic spin-down contribution", "estimated_for", "data set" ], [ "several pulsars", "have", "known radial velocity" ], [ "kinematic contribution", "estimated_for", "known radial velocities" ], [ "binary orbital periods of PSR J1713+0747", "used_to_constrain", "Galactic mass density models" ] ], [ [ "Stars in the Galactic disc", "have deviated from", "birth orbits" ], [ "Stars in the Galactic disc", "experienced", "radial mixing" ], [ "Stars in the Galactic disc", "experienced", "vertical heating" ], [ "hydrodynamical simulations", "investigate", "tracer particles displacement" ], [ "tracer particles", "mimic", "newborn stars" ], [ "tracer particles", "mimic", "thin and thick disc stars" ], [ "gravitational interactions", "displace", "tracer particles from initial near-circular orbits" ], [ "tracer particles", "influenced_by", "giant molecular clouds (GMCs)" ], [ "spiral arms", "can_change", "stellar orbits" ], [ "bar", "can_change", "stellar orbits" ], [ "axisymmetric form", "used_for", "entire galactic potential" ], [ "time evolution of radial velocity dispersion", "compared_with", "power-law relation" ], [ "time evolution of vertical velocity dispersion", "compared_with", "power-law relation" ], [ "exponents & beta", "decrease_with", "time" ], [ "exponents & beta", "keep", "large values for 1 Gyr" ], [ "efficient stellar scattering by GMCs", "causes", "change in angular momentum" ], [ "change in angular momentum", "causes", "radial migration" ], [ "effect of GMCs", "more_pronounced_in", "newborn stars" ], [ "30 per cent of stars", "move more than", "1 kpc in the radial direction for 1 Gyr" ], [ "dynamical heating and radial migration", "occur_in", "first several hundred Myr" ], [ "amplitude of vertical oscillation", "increases", "time spent in the galactic plane decreases" ], [ "time spent in the galactic plane", "where most GMCs are distributed", "decreases" ], [ "rate of increase in heating and migration", "slows_down_with", "time" ] ], [ [ "RABBITS series", "investigates", "orbital evolution of supermassive black holes (SMBHs)" ], [ "disc galaxy mergers", "simulated_using", "KETJU code" ], [ "elliptical galaxy mergers", "simulated_using", "KETJU code" ], [ "KETJU code", "follows", "galaxy (hydro-)dynamics" ], [ "KETJU code", "follows", "small-scale SMBH dynamics" ], [ "KETJU code", "includes", "post-Newtonian corrections" ], [ "SMBH binary subgrid model", "shows", "AGN feedback effects on galaxy properties" ], [ "AGN feedback", "affects", "SMBH coalescence" ], [ "simulations without AGN feedback", "exhibit", "excessive star formation" ], [ "merger remnants", "deviate_from", "observed properties" ], [ "kinetic AGN feedback", "proves_more_effective_than", "thermal AGN feedback" ], [ "kinetic AGN feedback", "expels", "gas from centre" ], [ "kinetic AGN feedback", "quenches", "star formation" ], [ "central galaxy properties", "result_from", "distinct AGN feedback models" ], [ "distinct AGN feedback models", "lead_to", "varying rates of SMBH orbital decay" ], [ "dynamical friction phase", "characterized_by", "higher star formation" ], [ "higher SMBH masses", "possess", "denser centres" ], [ "galaxies with higher star formation", "become_more_resistant_to", "tidal stripping" ], [ "greater dynamical friction", "forms", "SMBH binaries earlier" ], [ "AGN feedback", "reduces", "gas densities in centres" ], [ "dynamical friction by stars", "dominates_over", "gas" ], [ "SMBH hardening phase", "compared_to", "elliptical mergers" ], [ "disc mergers", "exhibit", "higher central densities of newly formed stars" ], [ "higher central densities of newly formed stars", "result_in", "accelerated SMBH hardening" ], [ "accelerated SMBH hardening", "results_in", "shorter merger time-scales" ], [ "shorter merger time-scales", "are_less_than_or_similar_to", "500 Myr" ], [ "longer merger time-scales", "are_greater_than_or_similar_to", "1 Gyr" ], [ "findings", "highlight", "importance of AGN feedback" ], [ "importance of AGN feedback", "is_key_focus_for", "low-frequency gravitational wave observatories" ] ], [ [ "Cosmic ray hydrodynamics", "is_a", "emerging field of high interest" ], [ "Cosmic rays", "influence", "dynamical evolution of the interstellar medium" ], [ "Cosmic rays", "influence", "dynamical evolution of the circumgalactic medium" ], [ "Cosmic rays", "influence", "dynamical evolution of the intracluster medium" ], [ "CRs with GeV energies", "regulate", "star formation" ], [ "CRs with GeV energies", "drive", "galactic winds" ], [ "CRs with GeV energies", "alter", "pressure balance of galactic haloes" ], [ "community", "moved_focus_from", "one-moment description of CR transport" ], [ "two-moment model", "allows_for", "accurate description of microphysics impacting CR population" ], [ "two-moment methods", "require", "closure relation" ], [ "closure relation", "ensures", "consistent set of evolution equations" ], [ "goal of paper", "is_to_quantify", "impact of different closure relations" ], [ "P1 closure relation", "reviewed_in", "this paper" ], [ "M1 closure relation", "reviewed_in", "this paper" ], [ "four-moment H1 description", "derived_for", "CR transport" ], [ "CR scattering by Alfven waves", "incorporated_into", "hydrodynamical models" ], [ "P1 and M1 approximations", "differ_in", "transport properties compared to radiative transfer simulations" ], [ "three hydrodynamical CR transport models", "produced_same_results_in", "free-streaming limit when neglecting CR scattering" ], [ "frequent CR scattering", "affects", "differences in results among hydrodynamical models" ] ], [ [ "SEDIGISM survey", "used", "APEX telescope" ], [ "APEX telescope", "mapped", "84 deg(2) of the Galactic plane" ], [ "molecular transitions", "included", "(CO)-C-13(2 - 1)" ], [ "molecular transitions", "included", "(CO)-O-18(2 - 1)" ], [ "SEDIGISM survey", "probed", "moderately dense interstellar medium" ], [ "interstellar medium", "has_density", "approximately 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"access to accurate mass information", "would_improve", "efficiency of candidate lensed BNS selection" ] ], [ [ "Gaia Gravitational Lenses working group", "identified", "24 confirmed and candidate strongly lensed quasars" ], [ "Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA)", "detected", "radio emission from eight systems in 5.5 and 9 GHz observations" ], [ "Karl G. 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"line-of-sight shear", "proposed_as", "cosmological observable" ], [ "line-of-sight shear", "measured_from", "simulated strong lensing image" ], [ "simulated strong lensing image", "measured_with", "per cent precision" ], [ "recovery of line-of-sight shear", "stress tested_with", "complex simulated images" ], [ "deficient fitting models", "used_to", "recover line-of-sight shear" ], [ "line-of-sight shear", "escapes_from", "degeneracies with lens model parameters" ], [ "tidal approximation", "checked_by", "simulating and fitting an image" ], [ "image", "generated_in", "presence of many line-of-sight dark matter haloes" ], [ "explicit violation of tidal approximation", "does_not_prevent", "measuring line-of-sight shear" ] ], [ [ "gravitational lens modelling technique", "designed_to", "model high-resolution interferometric observations" ], [ "gravitational lens modelling technique", "does_not_require", "pre-averaging of data" ], [ "accuracy of the method", "demonstrated_using", 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"have_source_radii_greater_than_or_equal_to", "0.194 arcsec" ], [ "selected strong lens systems", "have_source_Sersic_indices_greater_than_or_equal_to", "2.62" ], [ "model trained_to_find", "lensed quasars", "shows preference for higher lens ellipticities" ], [ "model trained_to_find", "lensed galaxies", "trained_to_find a weaker preference than lensed quasars" ], [ "selection function", "independent_of", "slope of power law of mass profiles" ], [ "measurements of mass profile slope", "will_be", "unaffected" ], [ "lens finder selection function", "reinforces", "lensing cross-section" ], [ "findings", "expected_to_be", "general result for all galaxy-galaxy and galaxy-quasar lens finding neural networks" ] ], [ [ "supermassive black hole systems", "result_from", "galaxy mergers" ], [ "supermassive black hole systems", "coalesce_due_to", "gravitational wave emission" ], [ "binary separation", "needs_to_be_reduced_to", "less than or similar to 0.1 pc" ], [ "gravitational self-lensing 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