====================================================================================================================== Title: A Novel Pipeline for the Identification of New Gamma-Ray Blazars from the 4FGL-Xiang Catalog Based on Multi-wavelength Flux Distributions ====================================================================================================================== Authors: Yunchuan Xiang et al. ====================================================================================================================== Description of contents: 4FGL-Xiang-DR2.fit: This file contains the updated information of gamma-ray sources based on 16 years of Fermi-LAT data, including refined parameters for 1081 sources. It provides best-fit positions, elliptical positional uncertainties, predicted photon counts, and energy fluxes across different energy bands, as well as spectral indices. The same catalog is also available in a user-friendly Excel format as 4FGL-Xiang-DR2.xlsx to facilitate manual inspection. 5BZCAT_err.fit: This file provides elliptical positional uncertainties and optical magnitudes for 3561 sources in the 5BZCAT catalog. The uncertainties were obtained from the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) using the astroquery package. The same data are also available in an Excel format as 5BZCAT_err.xlsx, suitable for manual inspection. 62Figure.tar.xz: This compressed file contains visualizations for 62 5BZCAT_err sources whose elliptical positional uncertainties could not be directly retrieved from NED using their names or coordinates. Candidate counterparts from NED were identified via the astroquery package based on minimal angular separation and spatial overlap, and their error ellipses were adopted as substitutes for the positional uncertainties of the target sources. TSmap_resluts17.tar.xz: The compressed file contains Test Statistic maps for 17 newly discovered blazars, generated using Fermipy’s tsmap() function, to validate the spatial associations between target sources in 4FGL-Xiang-DR2 and candidates in 5BZCAT_err. SED17.tar.xz: The compressed file contains images and related fits of the spectral energy distribution of 17 newly discovered blazars, derived from Fermi-LAT data analysis. LC17.tar.xz: The compressed file contains images of light curves of 17 newly discovered blazars, derived from Fermi-LAT data analysis. 5BZCAT_multi-band_flux.xlsx: This file contains multi-wavelength flux data for 3,442 blazars, covering radio to gamma-ray bands. Model_fitting_results.tar.xz：The compressed file contains the statistical analysis results of the multi-band fluxes for 17 newly identified blazars, derived using the statistical model mentioned in this study. outliers.tar.xz: The outliers in the 74 MHz, 843 MHz, 1.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 0.1–2.4 keV, and 0.3–10 keV bands, as described in Appendix C3. ============================================================================== Explanation of Keywords ============================================================================== Table 1 ============================================================================== Column Unit Description ------------------------ ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------ Source_Name - Name of the source in 4FGL-DR3 and 4FGL-DR4 RAJ2000 deg Right ascension DEJ2000 deg Declination Signif_Avg_v31 sigma Source significance in sigma units over the 100 MeV to 1 TeV band in 4FGL-DR3 Energy_Flux100_v31 erg cm^-2 s^-1 Energy flux from 100 MeV to 100 GeV obtained by spectral fitting in 4FGL-DR3 Signif_Avg_v35 sigma Source significance in sigma units over the 100 MeV to 1 TeV band in 4FGL-DR4 Energy_Flux100_v35 erg cm^-2 s^-1 Energy flux from 100 MeV to 100 GeV obtained by spectral fitting in 4FGL-DR4 Ratio_Sig - Ratio of Signif_Avg_v35 to Signif_Avg_v31 Ratio_Eflux - Ratio of Energy_Flux100_v35 to Energy_Flux100_v31 ============================================================================== Table 2 ============================================================================== Column Unit Description ------------------------ ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------ DR2_Name - Source name in DR2 DR2_RA deg Right ascension DR2_DEC deg Declination 5BZ_Name - Matched source name from the 5BZCAT_err 5BZ_RA deg Right ascension of the matched 5BZCAT_err counterpart 5BZ_DEC deg Declination of the matched 5BZCAT_err counterpart Sep arcsec Angular separation between the source positions in DR2 and 5BZCAT_err p_any - Any-match probability p_i - Individual relative match probability ============================================================================== Table 3 ============================================================================== Column Unit Description ------------------------ ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------ Name_5BZCAT - Source name from 5BZCAT Name_DR2 - Source name in DR2 SpectrumType - The best-fit Spectral model Index - The best-fit Spectral Index TS_cur,lp - Curvature TS value for the LogParabola spectral model TS_cur,plec - Curvature TS value for PowerLaw with exponential cutoff model TS_ext,disk - Extension TS value for Disk model TS_ext,gauss - Extension TS value for 2D-Gaussian model TS_var - Variability index ============================================================================== Table 4 ============================================================================== Column Unit Description ------------------------ ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------ Name - Name of the source Waveband - Observational frequency band Type - Source class Box-Cox Flux - Box-Cox transformed flux value CI - The range where the target object lies within the confidence interval Z-score - The Z-score of the target source is based on TND ============================================================================== Table 5 ============================================================================== Column Unit Description ------------------------ ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------ Sample - Research sample Min - Minimum of the distribution Max - Maximum of the distribution Mean - Mean of the distribution Median - Median of the distribution Mode - Mode of the distribution Std - Standard deviation Skewness - Skewness of the distribution Kurtosis - Kurtosis of the distribution JSD - Jensen-Shannon distance ============================================================================== Table A1 ============================================================================== Column Unit Description ------------------------ ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------ 5BZ_Name - Source name from 5BZCAT NED_Name - Matched object name from NED RA deg Right ascension DEC deg Declination RA_m deg Right ascension of the matched NED candidate DEC_m deg Declination of the matched NED candidate Sep arcmin Angular separation between the source and the candidate Conf95_Maj arcsec Semi-major axis of the 95% confidence positional error uncertainty ellipse Conf95_Min arcsec Semi-minor axis of the 95% confidence positional error ellipse Unc_PA deg Position angle of the uncertainty ellipse Refcode - Reference code for the matched NED source In_Ellipse - Within NED ellipse? (TRUE/FALSE) ============================================================================== Table A2 ============================================================================== Column Unit Description ------------------------ ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------ Name - Source name from 5BZCAT_err RA deg Right Ascension DEC deg Declination Conf95_Maj arcsec Semi-major axis of the 95% confidence positional error ellipse Conf95_Min arcsec Semi-minor axis of the 95% confidence positional error ellipse Unc_PA deg Position angle of the uncertainty ellipse Refcode - Reference code for the matched NED source Opt_Mag - Apparent optical magnitude ============================================================================== Table C1 ============================================================================== Column Unit Description ------------------------ ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------ Type Jy/erg cm^−2 s^−1 Source class Min Jy/erg cm^−2 s^−1 Minimum value of log10(flux) distribution Max Jy/erg cm^−2 s^−1 Maximum value of log10(flux) distribution Mean Jy/erg cm^−2 s^−1 Mean of log10(flux) distribution Median Jy/erg cm^−2 s^−1 Median of log10(flux) distribution Mode Jy/erg cm^−2 s^−1 Mode of log10(flux) distribution Std Jy/erg cm^−2 s^−1 Standard deviation Skewness - Measure of skewness Kurtosis - Measure of kurtosis JSD(BZB & BZQ) - Jensen-Shannon distance between the flux distributions of BZBs and BZQs MAD: Jy/erg cm −2 s −1 The Mean Absolute Difference (MAD) between BZBs and BZQs for the eight statistical metrics ============================================================================== Table C2 ============================================================================== Column Unit Description ------------------------ ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------ Waveband - Observational waveband Type - Source class k - Parameter (number of neighbors) for the LOF algorithm alpha - Contamination parameter (expected outlier ratio) for the LOF algorithm N_0 - Original sample size (before outlier removal) N_proc - Processed sample size (after outlier removal) N_out - Number of outliers detected and removed (N_0 = N_proc + N_out) p'_KS - P-value of the KS test on the original data (before removal) p'_CVM - P-value of the CVM test on the original data (before removal) p_KS - P-value of the KS test on the processed data (after removal) p_CVM - P-value of the CVM test on the processed data (after removal) ============================================================================== Table C3 ============================================================================== Column Unit Description ------------------------ ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------ Waveband - Observational waveband Type - Source class lambda - Box-Cox transformation factor a - Lower bound of the TND b - Upper bound of the TND mu - Mean of the Box-Cox transformed fluxes sigma - Standard deviation of the Box-Cox transformed fluxes P_KS - P-value corresponding to the KS statistic P_CVM - P-value corresponding to the CVM statistic r_QQ - Pearson correlation coefficient of the QQ plot TruncNorm - Flag indicating if the TND model fit is valid ============================================================================== Keywords of 4FGL-Xiang-DR2.fit ============================================================================== Column Unit Description ------------------------ ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------ Name - Source name in 4FGL-Xiang-DR2 RAJ2000 deg Right ascension (J2000) DEJ2000 deg Declination (J2000) Conf_68_SemiMajor arcsec Semi-major axis of the 68% positional uncertainty ellipse Conf_68_SemiMinor arcsec Semi-minor axis of the 68% positional uncertainty ellipse Conf_95_SemiMajor arcsec Semi-major axis of the 95% confidence region Conf_95_SemiMinor arcsec Semi-minor axis of the 95% confidence region Pos_angle deg Position angle of the error ellipse SpatialType - Spatial model SpectrumType - Spectral model Spectral_Index - Spectral index of the Powerlaw model Index_err - 1sigma Uncertainty of the spectral index TS - TS value for source detection significance Npred - Predicted photon counts Flux100 ph cm^-2 s^-1 Photon flux in 100 MeV to 1 TeV energy band Flux1000 ph cm^-2 s^-1 Photon flux in 1 GeV to 1 TeV energy band Flux10000 ph cm^-2 s^-1 Photon flux in 10 GeV to 1 TeV energy band Flux100_err ph cm^-2 s^-1 1sigma uncertainty of Flux100 Flux1000_err ph cm^-2 s^-1 1sigma uncertainty of Flux1000 Flux10000_err ph cm^-2 s^-1 1sigma uncertainty of Flux10000 Eflux100 erg cm^-2 s^-1 Energy flux in 100 MeV to 1 TeV band Eflux1000 erg cm^-2 s^-1 Energy flux in 1 GeV to 1 TeV band Eflux10000 erg cm^-2 s^-1 Energy flux in 10 GeV to 1 TeV band Eflux100_err erg cm^-2 s^-1 1sigma uncertainty of Eflux100 Eflux1000_err erg cm^-2 s^-1 1sigma uncertainty of Eflux1000 Eflux10000_err erg cm^-2 s^-1 1sigma uncertainty of Eflux10000 ============================================================================== Keywords of 5BZCAT_multi-band_flux.xlsx ============================================================================== Column Unit Description ------------------------ ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------ Name - Source name from 5BZCAT 74MHz Jy Flux density at 74 MHz 74MHz_Uncertainty Jy Uncertainty of 74 MHz flux 74MHz_Refcode - Reference code for 74 MHz flux 365MHz Jy Flux density at 365 MHz 365MHz_Uncertainty Jy Uncertainty of 365 MHz flux 365MHz_Refcode - Reference code for 365 MHz flux 843MHz Jy Flux density at 843 MHz 843MHz_Uncertainty Jy Uncertainty of 843 MHz flux 843MHz_Refcode - Reference code for 843 MHz flux 1.4GHz Jy Flux density at 1.4 GHz 1.4GHz_Uncertainty Jy Uncertainty of 1.4 GHz flux 1.4GHz_Refcode - Reference code for 1.4 GHz flux 4.85GHz Jy Flux density at 4.85 GHz 4.85GHz_Uncertainty Jy Uncertainty of 4.85 GHz flux 4.85GHz_Refcode - Reference code for 4.85 GHz flux 20GHz Jy Flux density at 20 GHz 20GHz_Uncertainty Jy Uncertainty of 20 GHz flux 20GHz_Refcode - Reference code for 20 GHz flux 0.1-2.4keV erg cm^-2 s^-1 X-ray flux in 0.1--2.4 keV band 0.1-2.4keV_Uncertainty erg cm^-2 s^-1 Uncertainty of 0.1--2.4 keV flux 0.1-2.4keV_Refcode - Reference code for 0.1--2.4 keV flux 0.3-10keV erg cm^-2 s^-1 X-ray flux in 0.3--10 keV band 0.3-10keV_Uncertainty erg cm^-2 s^-1 Uncertainty of 0.3--10 keV flux 0.3-10keV_Refcode - Reference code for 0.3--10 keV flux 0.1-100GeV erg cm^-2 s^-1 Gamma-ray flux in 0.1--100 GeV band 0.1-100GeV_Uncertainty erg cm^-2 s^-1 Uncertainty of 0.1--100 GeV flux 0.1-100GeV_Refcode - Reference code for 0.1--100 GeV flux ============================================================================== If you have any questions, please contact xiang_yunchuan@yeah.net