[
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. Measurements of relative isotope abundances can provide unique insights into the formation and evolution histories of celestial bodies, tracing various radiative, chemical, nuclear, and physical processes. In this regard, the five stable isotopes of titanium are particularly interesting. They are used to study the early history of the Solar System, and their different nucleosynthetic origins help constrain Galactic chemical models. Additionally, titanium's minor isotopes are relatively abundant compared to those of other elements, making them more accessible for challenging observations, such as those of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. We aim to assess the feasibility of performing titanium isotope measurements in exoplanet atmospheres. Specifically, we are interested in understanding whether processing techniques used for high-resolution spectroscopy, which remove continuum information about the planet spectrum, affect the derived isotope ratios. We also want to estimate the signal-to-noise requirements for future observations. Methods. We used an archival high-dispersion CARMENES spectrum of the M-dwarf GJ 1002 as a proxy for an exoplanet observed at very high signal-to-noise. Both a narrow (7045-7090 A) and wide (7045-7500 A) wavelength region were defined for which spectral retrievals were performed using petitRADTRANS models, resulting in isotope ratios and uncertainties. These retrievals were repeated on the spectrum with its continuum removed to mimic typical high-dispersion exoplanet observations. The CARMENES spectrum was subsequently degraded by adding varying levels of Gaussian noise to estimate the signal-to-noise requirements for future exoplanet atmospheric observations. Results. The relative abundances of all minor Ti isotopes are found to be slightly enhanced compared to terrestrial values. A loss of continuum information from broadband filtering of the stellar spectrum has little effect on the isotope ratios. For the wide wavelength range, a spectrum with a signal-to-noise of 5 is required to determine the isotope ratios with relative errors less than or similar to 10%. Super Jupiters at large angular separations from their host star are the most accessible exoplanets, requiring about an hour of observing time on 8-meter-class telescopes, and less than a minute of observing time with the future Extremely Large Telescope.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. ExoplANETS-A is an EU Horizon-2020 project with the primary objective of establishing new knowledge on exoplanet atmospheres. Intimately related to this topic is the study of the host stars' radiative properties in order to understand the environment in which exoplanets lie. Aims. The aim of this work is to exploit archived data from space-based observatories and other public sources to produce uniform sets of stellar data that can establish new insight into the influence of the host star on the planetary atmosphere. We have compiled X-ray and UV luminosities, which affect the formation and the atmospheric properties of the planets, and stellar parameters, which impact the retrieval process of the planetary atmosphere's properties and its errors. Methods. Our sample is formed of all transiting-exoplanet systems observed by HST or Spitzer. It includes 205 exoplanets and their 114 host stars. We have built a catalogue with information extracted from public, online archives augmented by quantities derived by the Exoplanets-A work. With this catalogue we have implemented an online database that also includes X-ray and OHP spectra and TESS light curves. In addition, we have developed a tool, exoVOSA, that is able to fit the spectral energy distribution of exoplanets. Results. We give an example of using the database to study the effects of the host star high energy emission on the exoplanet atmosphere. The sample has a planet radius valley that is located at 1.8 R-circle plus, in agreement with previous studies. Multiplanet systems in our sample were used to test the photoevaporation model and we find that out of 14 systems, only one significant case poses a contradiction to it (K2-3). In this case, the inner planet of the system is above the radius gap while the two exterior planets are both below it. This indicates that some factor not included in the photoevaporation model has increased the mass-loss timescale of the inner planet. In summary, the exoplanet and stellar resources compiled and generated by ExoplANETS-A form a sound basis for current JWST observations and for future work in the era of Ariel.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has now started its exploration of exoplanetary worlds. In particular, the Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI) with its Low-Resolution Spectrometer (LRS) carries out transit, eclipse, and phase-curve spectroscopy of exoplanetary atmospheres with an unprecedented precision in a so far almost uncharted wavelength range. Aims. The precision and significance in the detection of molecules in exoplanetary atmospheres relies on a thorough understanding of the instrument itself and on accurate data reduction methods. This paper aims to provide a clear description of the instrumental systematics that affect observations of transiting exoplanets through the use of simulations. Methods. We carried out realistic simulations of transiting-exoplanet observations with the MIRI LRS instrument that included the model of the exoplanet system, the optical path of the telescope, the MIRI detector performances, and instrumental systematics and drifts that could alter the atmospheric features we are meant to detect in the data. After we introduce our pipeline, we show its performance on the transit of L 168-9b, a super-Earth-sized exoplanet observed during the commissioning of the MIRI instrument. Results. This paper provides a better understanding of the data themselves and of the best practices in terms of reduction and analysis through comparisons between simulations and real data. We show that simulations validate the current data-analysis methods. Simulations also highlight instrumental effects that impact the accuracy of our current spectral extraction techniques. These simulations are proven to be essential in the preparation of JWST observation programs and help us to assess the detectability of various atmospheric and surface scenarios.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. The known population of short-period giant exoplanets around M-dwarf stars is slowly growing. These planets present an extraordinary opportunity for atmospheric characterisation and defy our current understanding of planetary formation. Furthermore, clouds and hazes are ubiquitous in warm exoplanets, but their behaviour is still poorly understood. Aims. We studied the case of a standard warm Jupiter around an M-dwarf star to show the opportunity of this exoplanet population for atmospheric characterisation. We aimed to derive the cloud, haze, and chemical budget of such planets using JWST. Methods. We leveraged a 3D global climate model, the generic PCM, to simulate the cloudy and cloud-free atmosphere of warm Jupiters around an M dwarf. We then post-processed our simulations to produce spectral phase curves and transit spectra as would be seen with JWST. Results. We show that, using the amplitude and offset of the spectral phase curves, we can directly infer the presence of clouds and hazes in the atmosphere of such giant planets. Chemical characterisation of multiple species is possible with an unprecedented signal- to-noise ratio, using the transit spectrum in one single visit. In such atmospheres, NH3 could be detected for the first time in a giant exoplanet. We make the case that these planets are key to understanding the cloud and haze budget in warm giants. Finally, such planets are targets of great interest for Ariel.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Atmospheres of highly irradiated gas giant planets host a large variety of atomic and ionic species. Here we observe the thermal emission spectra of the two ultra-hot Jupiters WASP-33b and KELT-20b /MASCARA-2b in the near-infrared wavelength range with CARMENES. Via high-resolution Doppler spectroscopy, we searched for neutral silicon (Si) in their dayside atmospheres. We detect the Si spectral signature of both planets via cross-correlation with model spectra. Detection levels of 4.8 sigma and 5.4 sigma, respectively, are observed when assuming a solar atmospheric composition. This is the first detection of Si in exoplanet atmospheres. The presence of Si is an important finding due to its fundamental role in cloud formation and, hence, for the planetary energy balance. Since the spectral lines are detected in emission, our results also confirm the presence of an inverted temperature profile in the dayside atmospheres of both planets.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. Exoplanet atmospheres are the key to understanding the nature of exoplanets. To this end, transit spectrophotometry provides us opportunities to investigate the physical properties and chemical compositions of exoplanet atmospheres.Aims. We aim to detect potential atmospheric signatures in 12 gaseous giant exoplanets using transit spectrophotometry and we try to constrain their atmospheric properties.Methods. The targets of interest were observed using transit spectrophotometry with the GTC OSIRIS instrument. We estimated the transit parameters and obtained the optical transmission spectra of the target planets using a Bayesian framework. We analyzed the spectral features in the transmission spectra based on atmospheric retrievals.Results. Most of the observed transmission spectra were found to be featureless, with only the spectrum of CoRoT-1b showing strong evidence for atmospheric features. However, in combination with the previously published near-infrared transmission spectrum, we found multiple interpretations for the atmosphere of CoRoT-1b due to the lack of decisive evidence for alkali metals or optical absorbers.Conclusions. Featureless spectra are not necessarily indicative of cloudy atmospheres if they poorly constrain the altitudes of cloud decks. Precise constraints on the models of hazes and clouds strongly depend on the significance of the observed spectral features. Further investigations on these exoplanets, especially CoRoT-1b, are required to confirm the properties of their atmospheres.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Aims. Our goal is to create a retrieval framework which encapsulates the three-dimensional (3D) nature of exoplanet atmospheres, and to apply it to observed emission phase curve and transmission spectra of the 'hot Jupiter' exoplanet WASP-43b. Methods. We present our 3D framework, which is freely available as a stand-alone module from GitHub. We use the atmospheric modelling and Bayesian retrieval package ARCiS (ARtful modelling Code for exoplanet Science) to perform a series of eight 3D retrievals on simultaneous transmission (HST/WFC3) and phase-dependent emission (HST/WFC3 and Spitzer/IRAC) observations of WASP-43b as a case study. Via these retrieval setups, we assess how input assumptions affect our retrieval outcomes. In particular we look at constraining equilibrium chemistry vs. a free molecular retrieval, the case of no clouds vs. parametrised clouds, and using Spitzer phase data that have been reduced from two different literature sources. For the free chemistry retrievals, we retrieve abundances of H2O, CH4, CO, CO2, AlO, and NH3 as a function of phase, with many more species considered for the equilibrium chemistry retrievals. Results. We find consistent super-solar C/O (0.6-0.9) and super-solar metallicities (1.7-2.9 dex) for all retrieval setups that assume equilibrium chemistry. We find that atmospheric heat distribution, hotspot shift (approximate to 15.6 degrees vs. 4.5 degrees for the different Spitzer datasets), and temperature structure are very influenced by the choice of Spitzer emission phase data. We see some trends in molecular abundances as a function of phase, in particular for CH4 and H2O. Comparisons are made with other studies of WASP-43b, including global climate model (GCM) simulations, available in the literature. Conclusions. The parametrised 3D setup we have developed provides a valuable tool to analyse extensive observational datasets such as spectroscopic phase curves. We conclude that further near-future observations with missions such as the James Webb Space Telescope and Ariel will greatly improve our understanding of the atmospheres of exoplanets such as WASP-43b. This is particularly evident from the effect that the current phase-dependent Spitzer emission data has on retrieved atmospheres.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. Clouds appear to be an unavoidable phenomenon in cool and dense environments. Hence, their inclusion is a necessary part of explaining observations of exoplanet atmospheres, most recently those of WASP 96b with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Understanding the formation of cloud condensation nuclei in non-terrestrial environments is therefore crucial in developing accurate models to interpret current and future observations.Aims. The goal of the paper is to support observations with infrared spectra for (TiO2)(N) clusters to study cloud formation in exoplanet atmospheres.Methods. We derived vibrational frequencies from quantum-chemical calculations for 123 (TiO2)-clusters and their isomers and we evaluated their line-broadening mechanisms. Cluster spectra were calculated for several atmospheric levels for two example exoplanet atmospheres (WASP 121b-like and WASP 96b-like) to identify possible spectral fingerprints for cloud formation.Results. The rotational motion of clusters and the rotational transitions within them cause significant line broadening, so that individual vibrational lines are broadened beyond the spectral resolution of the medium-resolution mode of the JWST mid-infrared instrument (MIRI) at R = 3000. However, each individual cluster isomer exhibits a 'fingerprint' IR spectrum. In particular, larger (TiO2) clusters have distinctly different spectra from smaller clusters. The morning and evening terminator for the same planet can exhibit different total absorbances, due to the greater abundance of different cluster sizes.Conclusions. The largest (TiO2) clusters are not necessarily the most abundant (TiO2) clusters in the high-altitude regions of ultra-hot Jupiters and the different cluster isomers do contribute to the local absorbance. Planets with a considerable day-night asymmetry will be most suitable in the search for (TiO2) cluster isomers with the goal of improving cloud formation modelling.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. Exoplanet atmospheric modeling is advancing toward complex coupled circulation-chemistry models, from chemically diverse 1D models to 3D global circulation models (GCMs). These models are crucial for interpreting observations from facilities like JWST and ELT and understanding exoplanet atmospheres. However, maintaining chemical diversity in 1D models and especially in GCMs is computationally expensive, limiting their complexity. Optimizing the number of reactions and species in the simulated atmosphere can address this tradeoff, but there is a lack of transparent and efficient methods for this optimization in the current exoplanet literature. Aims. We aim to develop a systematic approach for reducing chemical networks in exoplanetary atmospheres, balancing accuracy and computational efficiency. Our method is data-driven, meaning we do not manually add reactions or species. Instead, we test possible reduced chemical networks and select the optimal one based on metrics for accuracy and computational efficiency. Our approach can optimize a network for similar planets simultaneously, can assign weights to prioritize either accuracy or efficiency, and is applicable in the presence of photochemistry. Methods. We propose an approach based on a sensitivity analysis of a typical 1D chemical kinetics model. Principal component analysis was applied to the obtained sensitivities. To achieve a fast and reliable reduction of chemical networks, we utilized a genetic algorithm (GA), a machine-learning optimization method that mimics natural selection to find solutions by evolving a population of candidate solutions. Results. We present three distinct schemes tailored for different priorities: accuracy, computational efficiency, and adaptability to photochemistry. These schemes demonstrate improved performance and reduced computational costs. Our work represents the first reduction of a chemical network with photochemistry in exoplanet research. Conclusions. Our GA-based method offers a versatile and efficient approach to reduce chemical networks in exoplanetary atmospheres, enhancing both accuracy and computational efficiency.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. Despite swift progress in the characterisation of exoplanet atmospheres in composition and structure, the study of atmospheric dynamics has not progressed at the same speed. While theoretical models have been developed to describe the lower layers of the atmosphere, and independently, the exosphere, little is known about the intermediate layers up to the thermosphere.Aims. We aim to provide a clearer picture of atmospheric dynamics for the class of ultra-hot Jupiters, which are highly irradiated gas giants, based on the example of WASP-76 b.Methods. We jointly analysed two datasets that were obtained with the HARPS and ESPRESSO spectrographs to interpret the resolved planetary sodium doublet. We then applied the MERC code, which retrieves wind patterns, speeds, and temperature profiles on the line shape of the sodium doublet. An updated version of MERC, with added planetary rotation, also provides the possibility of modelling the latitude dependence of the wind patterns.Results. We retrieve the highest Bayesian evidence for an isothermal atmosphere, interpreted as a mean temperature of 3389 +/- 227 K, a uniform day- to nightside wind of 5.5(-2.0)(+1.4) km s(-1) in the lower atmosphere with a vertical wind in the upper atmosphere of 22.7(-4.1)(+4.9) km s(-1), switching atmospheric wind patterns at 10(-3) bar above the reference surface pressure (10 bar).Conclusions. Our results for WASP-76 b are compatible with previous studies of the lower atmospheric dynamics of WASP-76 b and other ultra-hot Jupiters. They highlight the need for vertical winds in the intermediate atmosphere above the layers probed by global circulation model studies to explain the line broadening of the sodium doublet in this planet. This work demonstrates the capability of exploiting the resolved spectral line shapes to observationally constrain possible wind patterns in exoplanet atmospheres. This is an invaluable input to more sophisticated 3D atmospheric models in the future.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We propose a classification of exoplanet atmospheres based on their H, C, O, and N element abundances below about 600 K. Chemical equilibrium models were run for all combinations of H, C, O, and N abundances, and three types of solutions were found, which are robust against variations of temperature, pressure, and nitrogen abundance. Type A atmospheres contain H2O, CH4, NH3, and either H-2 or N-2, but only traces of CO2 and O-2. Type B atmospheres contain O-2, H2O, CO2, and N-2, but only traces of CH4, NH3, and H-2. Type C atmospheres contain H2O, CO2, CH4, and N-2, but only traces of NH3, H-2, and O-2. Other molecules are only present in ppb or ppm concentrations in chemical equilibrium, depending on temperature. Type C atmospheres are not found in the Solar System, where atmospheres are generally cold enough for water to condense, but exoplanets may well host such atmospheres. Our models show that graphite (soot) clouds can occur in type C atmospheres in addition to water clouds, which can occur in all types of atmospheres. Full-equilibrium condensation models show that the outgassing from warm rock can naturally provide type C atmospheres. We conclude that type C atmospheres, if they exist, would lead to false positive detections of biosignatures in exoplanets when considering the coexistence of CH4 and CO2, and suggest other, more robust non-equilibrium markers.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. The possibility of observing spectral features in exoplanet atmospheres with space missions like the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Atmospheric Remote-sensing Infrared Exoplanet Large-survey (ARIEL) necessitates the accurate modelling of cloud particle opacities. In exoplanet atmospheres, cloud particles can be made from multiple materials and be considerably chemically heterogeneous. Therefore, assumptions on the morphology of cloud particles are required to calculate their opacities. Aims. The aim of this work is to analyse how different approaches to calculate the opacities of heterogeneous cloud particles affect the optical properties of cloud particles and how this may influence the interpretation of data observed by JWST and future missions. Methods. We calculated cloud particle optical properties using seven different mixing treatments: four effective medium theories (EMTs; Bruggeman, Landau-Lifshitz-Looyenga (LLL), Maxwell-Garnett, and Linear), core-shell, and two homogeneous cloud particle approximations. We conducted a parameter study using two-component materials to study the mixing behaviour of 21 commonly considered cloud particle materials for exoplanets. To analyse the impact on observations, we studied the transmission spectra of HATS-6b, WASP-39b, WASP-76b, and WASP-107b. Results. Materials with large refractive indices, like iron-bearing species or carbon, can change the optical properties of cloud particles when they comprise less than 1% of the total particle volume. The mixing treatment of heterogeneous cloud particles also has an observable effect on transmission spectroscopy. Assuming core-shell or homogeneous cloud particles results in less muting of molecular features and retains the cloud spectral features of the individual cloud particle materials. The predicted transit depths for core-shell and homogeneous cloud particle materials are similar for all planets used in this work. If EMTs are used, cloud spectral features are broader and the cloud spectral features of the individual cloud particle materials are not retained. Using LLL leads to fewer molecular features in transmission spectra than when using Bruggeman.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Here we present a publicly available database of opacities for molecules of astrophysical interest named ExoMolOP that has been compiled for over 80 species, and is based on the latest line list data from the ExoMol, HITEMP, and MoLLIST databases. These data are generally suitable for characterising high-temperature exoplanet or cool stellar and substellar atmospheres, and have been computed at a variety of pressures and temperatures, with a few molecules included at room temperature only from the HITRAN database. The data are formatted in di fferent ways for four di fferent exoplanet atmosphere retrieval codes; ARCiS, TauREx, NEMESIS, and petitRADTRANS, and include both cross sections (at R = lambda/Delta lambda= 15 000) and k-tables (at R = lambda/Delta lambda= 1000) for the 0.3-50 mu m wavelength region. Opacity files can be downloaded and used directly for these codes. Atomic data for alkali metals Na and K are also included, using data from the NIST database and the latest line shapes for the resonance lines. Broadening parameters have been taken from the literature where available, or have been estimated from the parameters of a known molecule with similar molecular properties where no broadening data are available.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Transmission spectroscopy is a proven technique for studying a transiting exoplanet's atmosphere. However, stellar surface inhomogeneities - spots and faculae - alter the observed transmission spectra: the stellar contamination effect. The variable nature of the stellar activity also makes it difficult to stitch together multi-epoch observations and evaluate any potential variability in the exoplanet's atmosphere. This paper introduces SAGE, a tool that corrects for the time-dependent impact of stellar activity on transmission spectra. It uses a pixelation approach to model the stellar surface with spots and faculae, while fully accounting for limb-darkening and rotational line-broadening. The current version is designed for low- to medium-resolution spectra. We used SAGE to evaluate stellar contamination for F- to M-type hosts, testing various spot sizes and locations, and quantify the impact of limb-darkening. We find that limb-darkening enhances the importance of the spot location on the stellar disc, with spots close to the disc centre impacting the transmission spectra more strongly than spots near the limb. Moreover, due to the chromaticity of limb-darkening, the shape of the contamination spectrum is also altered. Additionally, SAGE can be used to retrieve the properties and distribution of active regions on the stellar surface from photometric monitoring. We demonstrate this for WASP-69 using TESS data, finding that two spots at midlatitudes and a combined coverage fraction of similar to 1% are favoured. SAGE allows us to connect the photometric variability to the stellar contamination of transmission spectra, enhancing our ability to jointly interpret transmission spectra obtained at different epochs.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We present the confirmation of a new sub-Neptune close to the transition between super-Earths and sub-Neptunes transiting the M2 dwarf TOI-269 (TIC 220 479 565, V = 14.4 mag, J = 10.9 mag, R-star = 0.40 R-circle dot, M-star = 0.39 M-circle dot, d = 57 pc). The exoplanet candidate has been identified in multiple TESS sectors, and validated with high-precision spectroscopy from HARPS and ground-based photometric follow-up from ExTrA and LCO-CTIO. We determined mass, radius, and bulk density of the exoplanet by jointly modeling both photometry and radial velocities with juliet. The transiting exoplanet has an orbital period of P = 3.6977104 +/- 0.0000037 days, a radius of 2.77 +/- 0.12 R-circle plus, and a mass of 8.8 +/- 1.4 M-circle plus. Since TOI-269 b lies among the best targets of its category for atmospheric characterization, it would be interesting to probe the atmosphere of this exoplanet with transmission spectroscopy in order to compare it to other sub-Neptunes. With an eccentricitye = 0.425(-0.086)(+0.082)e=0.425-0.086+0.082 , TOI-269 b has one of the highest eccentricities of the exoplanets with periods less than 10 days. The star being likely a few Gyr old, this system does not appear to be dynamically young. We surmise TOI-269 b may have acquired its high eccentricity as it migrated inward through planet-planet interactions.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We report new optical constants (refractive index, n, and extinction coefficient, k) for exoplanet haze analogs from 0.3 to 30 mu m. The samples were produced in a simulated N-2-dominated atmosphere with two different abundance ratios of CO2 and CH4, using the PAMPRE plasma reactor at LATMOS. We find that our haze analogs present a significantly lower extinction coefficient in the optical and near-infrared (NIR) range compared to the seminal data obtained on Titan haze analogs. We confirm the stronger IR absorption expected for hazes produced in a gas mixture with higher CO2 abundances. Given the strong impact of the atmospheric composition on the absorbing power of hazes, these new data should be used to characterize early-Earth and CO2-rich exoplanet atmospheres. The data presented in this paper can be found in the Optical Constants Database. Using ellipsometry or spectrophotometry, the retrieved optical constants are affected by the sensitivity of the measurement and the accuracy of the calculations. A comparative study of both techniques was performed to identify limitations and better understand the discrepancies present in the previous data. For the refractive index n, errors of 1-3% are observed with both optical techniques and the different models, caused by the correlation with the film thickness. We find that UV-visible reflection ellipsometry provides similar n values, regardless of the model used; whereas the Swanepoel method on transmission is more subjected to errors in the UV. In the UV and mid-infrared (MIR), the different calculations lead to rather small errors on k. Larger errors of k arise in the region of weak absorption, where calculations are more sensitive to errors on the refractive index n.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Aims. We investigate at what abundances various hydrocarbon molecules (e.g. acetylene (C2H2), ethylene (C2H4), and methane (CH4)) become detectable when observing the atmospheres of various planets using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Methods. We focused on atmospheric models based on the parameters of a small sample of planets: HD 189733b, HD 209458b (hot Jupiters orbiting bright stars); HD 97658b (a sub-Neptune/super-Earth orbiting a bright star); and Kepler-30c (a warm Jupiter orbiting a faint star). We computed model transmission spectra, assuming equilibrium chemistry and clear atmospheres for all planets apart from HD 189733b, where we also computed spectra with a moderate cloud layer included. We used the Bayesian retrieval package ARCiS for the model atmospheres, and simulated observed spectra from different instruments that will be on board JWST using the PandExo package. We subsequently ran retrievals on these spectra to determine whether the parameters input into the forward models, with a focus on molecular abundances, can be accurately retrieved from these simulated spectra. Results. We find that generally we can detect and retrieve abundances of the hydrocarbon species as long as they have a volume mixing ratio above approximately 1 x 10(-7)-1 x 10(-6), at least for the brighter targets. There are variations based on planet type and instrument(s) used, and these limits will likely change depending on the abundance of other strong absorbers. We also find scenarios where the presence of one hydrocarbon is confused with another, particularly when a small wavelength region is covered; this is often improved when two instruments are combined. Conclusions. The molecules C2H2, CH4, and C2H4 will all be detectable with JWST, provided they are present in high enough abundances, and that the optimal instruments are chosen for the exoplanet system being observed. Our results indicate that generally a combination of two instruments, either NIRSpec G395M and MIRI LRS, or NIRCam F322W2 and MIRI LRS, are best for observing these hydrocarbons in bright exoplanet systems with planets of various sizes, with NIRSpec G395M and MIRI LRS the best option for the HD 189733b-like atmosphere with clouds included. The use of NIRSpec Prism is tentatively found to be best for fainter targets, potentially in combination with the MIRI LRS slit mode, although the target we test is too faint to draw any strong conclusions. Instrument sensitivity, noise, and wavelength range are all thought to play a role in being able to distinguish spectral features.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. Interpreting the observations of exoplanet atmospheres to constrain physical and chemical properties is typically done using Bayesian retrieval techniques. Since these methods require many model computations, a compromise must be made between the model's complexity and its run time. Achieving this compromise leads to a simplification of many physical and chemical processes (e.g. parameterised temperature structure).Aims. Here, we implement and test sequential neural posterior estimation (SNPE), a machine learning inference algorithm for atmospheric retrievals for exoplanets. The goal is to speed up retrievals so they can be run with more computationally expensive atmospheric models, such as those computing the temperature structure using radiative transfer. Methods. We generated 100 synthetic observations using ARtful Modeling Code for exoplanet Science (ARCiS), which is an atmospheric modelling code with the flexibility to compute models across varying degrees of complexity and to perform retrievals on them to test the faithfulness of the SNPE posteriors. The faithfulness quantifies whether the posteriors contain the ground truth as often as we expect. We also generated a synthetic observation of a cool brown dwarf using the self-consistent capabilities of ARCiS and ran a retrieval with self-consistent models to showcase the possibilities opened up by SNPE. Results. We find that SNPE provides faithful posteriors and is therefore a reliable tool for exoplanet atmospheric retrievals. We are able to run a self-consistent retrieval of a synthetic brown dwarf spectrum using only 50 000 forward model evaluations. We find that SNPE can speed up retrievals between similar to 2x and >= 10x depending on the computational load of the forward model, the dimensionality of the observation, and its signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). We have made the code publicly available for the community on Github.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The Near-Inrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a very versatile instrument, offering mul-tiobject and integral field spectroscopy with varying spectral resolution (similar to 30 to similar to 3000) over a wide wavelength range from 0.6 to 5.3 micron, enabling scientists to study many science themes ranging from the first galaxies to bodies in our own Solar System. In addition to its integral field unit and support for multiobject spectroscopy, NIRSpec features several fixed slits and a wide aperture specifically designed to enable high precision time-series and transit as well as eclipse observations of exoplanets. In this paper we present its capabilities regarding time-series observations, in general, and transit and eclipse spectroscopy of exoplanets in particular. Due to JWST's large collecting area and NIRSpec's excellent throughput, spectral coverage, and detector performance, this mode will allow scientists to characterize the atmosphere of exoplanets with unprecedented sensitivity.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The dayside brightness spectrum of a highly irradiated transiting brown dwarf KELT-1b is challenging to explain based on current brown dwarf atmosphere models. The spectrum has been measured from observations spanning ten years and covering high-precision secondary eclipses and phase curves from space in blue-visible (CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite, CHEOPS), red-visible (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, TESS), and near-infrared (Spitzer), as well as secondary eclipse observations in near-infrared from the ground. First, the dayside of KELT-1b was observed to be brighter in the TESS passband than expected, based on earlier near-infrared phase curve observations with Spitzer, and, recently, the dayside was observed to be extremely dark in the CHEOPS passband. While several theories have been proposed to reconcile the discrepancy between the TESS and Spitzer bands, explaining the difference between the largely overlapping CHEOPS and TESS bands has proven more difficult. In this work, I model the TESS photometry from Sector 17 together with the new TESS photometry from Sector 57 and show that the discrepancies in KELT-1b's dayside brightness spectrum are best explained by temporal variability in KELT-1b's albedo. This variability is most likely due to changes in the weather, namely, variations in the silicate cloud coverage on the brown dwarf's dayside.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. Recent observations suggest the presence of clouds in exoplanet atmospheres, but they have also shown that certain chemical species in the upper atmosphere might not be in chemical equilibrium. Present and future interpretation of data from, for example, CHEOPS, JWST, PLATO, and Ariel require a combined understanding of the gas-phase and the cloud chemistry. Aims. The goal of this work is to calculate the two main cloud formation processes, nucleation, and bulk growth consistently from a non-equilibrium gas phase. The aim is also to explore the interaction between a kinetic gas-phase and cloud microphysics. Methods. The cloud formation is modelled using the moment method and kinetic nucleation, which are coupled to a gas-phase kinetic rate network. Specifically, the formation of cloud condensation nuclei is derived from cluster rates that include the thermochemical data of (TiO2)(N) from N = 1 to 15. The surface growth of nine bulk Al, Fe, Mg, O, Si, S, and Ti binding materials considers the respective gas-phase species through condensation and surface reactions as derived from kinetic disequilibrium. The effect of the completeness of rate networks and the time evolution of the cloud particle formation is studied for an example exoplanet, HD 209458 b. Results. A consistent, fully time-dependent cloud formation model in chemical disequilibrium with respect to nucleation, bulk growth, and the gas-phase is presented and first test cases are studied. This model shows that cloud formation in exoplanet atmospheres is a fast process. This confirms previous findings that the formation of cloud particles is a local process. Tests on selected locations within the atmosphere of the gas-giant HD 209458 b show that the cloud particle number density and volume reach constant values within 1 s. The complex kinetic polymer nucleation of TiO2 confirms results from classical nucleation models. The surface reactions of SiO[s] and SiO2[s] can create a catalytic cycle that dissociates H-2 to 2 H, resulting in a reduction of the CH4 number densities.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Escaping exoplanet atmospheres have been observed as deep transit signatures in a few specific spectral lines. Detections have been made in the hydrogen Ly-& alpha; line, the metastable helium line at 10 830 & ANGS;, and some UV lines of metallic species. Observational challenges, unexpected nondetections, and model degeneracies have generally made it difficult to draw definitive conclusions about the escape process for individual planets. Expanding on the suite of spectral tracers used may help to mitigate these challenges. We present a new framework for modeling the transmission spectrum of hydrodynamically escaping atmospheres. We predict far UV to near infrared spectra for systems with different planet and stellar types and identify new lines that can potentially be used to study their upper atmospheres. Measuring the radius in the atmosphere at which the strongest lines form puts them into context within the upper atmospheric structure. Targeting a set of complementary spectral lines for the same planet will help us to better constrain the outflow properties.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. WASP-96b is a hot Saturn exoplanet, with an equilibrium temperature of approximate to 1300 K. This is well within the regime of thermo-dynamically expected extensive cloud formation. Prior observations with Hubble/WFC3, Spitzer/IRAC, and VLT/FORS2 have been combined into a single spectrum for which retrievals suggest a cold but cloud-free atmosphere. Recently, the planet was observed with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) as part of the Early Release Observations (ERO).Aims. The formation of clouds in the atmosphere of exoplanet WASP-96b is explored.Methods. One-dimensional profiles were extracted from the 3D GCM expeRT/MITgcm results and used as input for a kinetic, non-equilibrium model to study the formation of mineral cloud particles of mixed composition. The ARCiS retrieval framework was applied to the pre-JWST WASP-96b transit spectrum to investigate the apparent contradiction between cloudy models and assumed cloud-free transit spectrum.Results. Clouds are predicted to be ubiquitous throughout the atmosphere of WASP-96b. Silicate materials contribute between 40% and 90% cloud particle volume, which means that metal oxides also contribute with up to 40% cloud particle volume in the low-pressure regimes that affect spectra. We explore how these cloudy models match currently available transit spectra. Reduced vertical mixing acts to settle clouds to deeper in the atmosphere, and an increased cloud particle porosity reduces the opacity of clouds in the near-IR and optical region. These two effects allow for clearer molecular features to be observed while still allowing clouds to be in the atmosphere.Conclusions. The atmosphere of WASP-96b is unlikely to be cloud free. Retrievals of HST, Spitzer, and VLT spectra also show that multiple cloudy solutions reproduce the data. JWST observations will be affected by clouds, where the cloud top pressure varies by an order of magnitude within even the NIRISS wavelength range. The long-wavelength end of NIRSpec and the short-wavelength end of MIRI may probe atmospheric asymmetries between the limbs of the terminator on WASP-96b.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Aims. In this paper we introduce CaRM, a semi-automatic code for the retrieval of broadband transmission spectra of transiting planets through the chromatic Rossiter-McLaughlin method. We applied it to HARPS and ESPRESSO observations of two exoplanets to retrieve the transmission spectrum and we analyze its fitting transmission models.Methods. We used the strong radius dependence of the Rossiter-McLaughlin (RM) effect amplitude, caused by planetary companions, to measure the apparent radius change caused by the exoplanet atmosphere. In order to retrieve the transmission spectrum, the radial velocities, which were computed over wavelength bins that encompass several spectral orders, were used to simultaneously fit the Keplerian motion and the RM effect. From this, the radius ratio was computed as a function of the wavelength, which allows one to retrieve the low-resolution broadband transmission spectrum of a given exoplanet. CaRM offers the possibility to use two Rossiter-McLaughlin models taken from ARoME and PyAstronomy, associated with a Keplerian function to fit radial velocities during transit observations automatically. Furthermore it offers the possibility to use some methods that could, in theory, mitigate the effect of perturbation in the radial velocities during transits.Results. We applied CaRM to recover the transmission spectrum of HD 189733b and WASP-127b, with HARPS and ESPRESSO data, respectively. Our results for HD 189733b suggest that the blue part of the spectrum is dominated by Rayleigh scattering, which is compatible with former studies. The analysis of WASP-127b shows a flat transmission spectrum.Conclusions. The CaRM code allows one to retrieve the transmission spectrum of a given exoplanet using minimal user interaction. We demonstrate that it allows one to compute the low-resolution broadband transmission spectra of exoplanets observed using high-resolution spectrographs such as HARPS and ESPRESSO.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Ground-based, high-resolution spectrographs are providing us with an unprecedented view of the dynamics and chemistry of the atmospheres of planets outside the Solar System. While there are a large number of stable and precise high-resolution spectrographs on modest-size telescopes, it is the spectrographs at observatories with apertures larger than 3.5 m that dominate the atmospheric follow-up of exoplanets. In this work we explore the potential of characterising exoplanetary atmospheres with FIES, a high-resolution spectrograph at the 2.56 m Nordic Optical Telescope. We observed two transits of MASCARA-2 b (also known as KELT-20 b) and one transit of KELT-9 b to search for atomic iron, a species that has recently been discovered in both neutral and ionised forms in the atmospheres of these ultra-hot Jupiters using large telescopes. Using a cross-correlation method, we detect a signal of Fe II at the 4.5 sigma and 4.0 sigma level in the transits of MaSCARA-2 b. We also detect Fe II in the transit of KELT-9 b at the 8.5 sigma level. Although we do not find any significant Doppler shift in the signal of MASCARA-2 b, we do measure a moderate blueshift (3-6 km s(-1)) of the feature in KELT-9 b, which might be a manifestation of high-velocity winds transporting Fe II from the planetary dayside to the nightside. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of investigating exoplanet atmospheres with FIES, and it potentially unlocks a wealth of additional atmosphere detections with this and other high-resolution spectrographs mounted on similar-size telescopes.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. Long-period transiting exoplanets bridge the gap between the bulk of transit- and Doppler-based exoplanet discoveries, providing key insights into the formation and evolution of planetary systems. The wider separation between these planets and their host stars results in the exoplanets typically experiencing less radiation from their host stars; hence, they should maintain more of their original atmospheres, which can be probed during transit via transmission spectroscopy. Although the known population of long-period transiting exoplanets is relatively sparse, surveys performed by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and the Next Generation Transit Survey (NGTS) are now discovering new exoplanets to fill in this crucial region of the exoplanetary parameter space.Aims. This study aims to characterise a new long-period transiting exoplanet by following up on a single-transit candidate found in the TESS mission.Methods. The TOI-4862 system was monitored using a combination of photometric instruments (TESS, NGTS, and EulerCam) and spectroscopic instruments (CORALIE, FEROS, HARPS, and PFS) in order to determine the period, radius, and mass of the long-period transiting exoplanet NGTS-30 b/TOI-4862 b. These observations were then fitted simultaneously to determine precise values for the properties and orbital parameters of the exoplanet, as well as the refined stellar parameters of the host star.Results. We present the discovery of a long-period (P = 98.29838 +/- 0.00010 day) Jupiter-sized (0.928 +/- 0.032 R-J; 0.960 +/- 0.056 M-J) planet transiting a 1.1 Gyr old G-type star, one of the youngest warm Jupiters discovered to date. NGTS-30 b/TOI-4862 b has a moderate eccentricity (0.294(-0.010)(+0.014)), meaning that its equilibrium temperature can be expected to vary from 274(-46)(+30) K to 500(-84)(+55) K over the course of its orbit. Through interior modelling, NGTS-30 b/TOI-4862b was found to have a heavy element mass fraction of 0.23(-0.06)(+0.05) and a heavy element enrichment (Z(p)/Z(star)) of 20(-6)(+5), making it metal-enriched compared to its host star.Conclusions. NGTS-30 b/TOI-4862 b is one of the youngest well-characterised long-period exoplanets found to date and will therefore be important in the quest to understanding the formation and evolution of exoplanets across the full range of orbital separations and ages.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We present the analysis of a spectroscopic secondary eclipse of the hottest transiting exoplanet detected to date, KELT-9b, obtained with the Wide Field Camera 3 aboard the Hubble Space Telescope. We complement these data with literature information on stellar pulsations and Spitzer /Infrared Array Camera and Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite eclipse depths of this target to obtain a broadband thermal emission spectrum. Our extracted spectrum exhibits a clear turno ff at 1:4 mu m. This points to H- bound-free opacities shaping the spectrum. To interpret the spectrum, we perform grid retrievals of self-consistent 1D equilibrium chemistry forward models, varying the composition and energy budget. The model with solar metallicity and C/O ratio provides a poor fit because the H- signal is stronger than expected, requiring an excess of electrons. This pushes our retrievals toward high atmospheric metallicities ([M/H] = 1:98(-0:21)(+0:19)) and a C/O ratio that is subsolar by 2.4 sigma. We question the viability of forming such a high-metallicity planet, and therefore provide other scenarios to increase the electron density in this atmosphere. We also look at an alternative model in which we quench TiO and VO. This fit results in an atmosphere with a slightly subsolar metallicity and subsolar C/O ratio ([M/H] = 0:22(+0:17) (-0:13), log (C/O) = -0:34(+0:19) (-0:34)). However, the required TiO abundances are disputed by recent high-resolution measurements of the same planet.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. The upcoming Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs) are expected to have a sufficient collecting area required to detect potential biosignature gases such as molecular oxygen, O2, in the atmosphere of terrestrial planets around nearby stars. Aims. One of the most promising detection methods is transmission spectroscopy. To maximize our capability to detect O2 using this method, spectral resolutions R ≥ 300 000 are required to fully resolve the absorption lines in an Earth-like exoplanet atmosphere and disentangle the signal from telluric lines. Methods. Current high-resolution spectrographs typically achieve a spectral resolution of R ~ 100 000. Increasing the resolution in seeing limited observations and/or instruments requires drastically larger optical components, making these instruments even more expensive and hard to fabricate and assemble. Instead, we demonstrate a new approach to high-resolution spectroscopy. We implemented an ultra-high spectral resolution booster to be coupled to a high-resolution spectrograph. The instrument is based on a chained Fabry-Perot array which generates a hyperfine spectral profile. Results. We present on-sky telluric observations with a lab demonstrator. Depending on the configuration, this two-arm prototype reaches a resolution of R = 250 000-350 000. After carefully modeling the prototype's behavior, we propose a Fabry-Perot Interferometer (FPI) design for an eight-arm array configuration aimed at ELTs capable of exceeding R = 300 000. Conclusions. The novel FPI resolution booster can be plugged in at the front end of an existing R = 100 000 spectrograph to overwrite the spectral profile with a higher resolution for exoplanet atmosphere studies.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Context. Characterizing temperate (200-1000 K) super-Earth atmospheres is one of the future challenges in exoplanetary science. One of the major difficulties comes from the ubiquity of aerosols in these objects, which complicates the spectroscopic analyses. The knowledge gained on the Solar System is then crucial to better understand the chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres. Aims. This work focuses on the impact of ion chemistry on molecular diversity in a specific Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere that would be dominated by molecular nitrogen. On the largest satellite of Saturn, Titan, ion chemistry is a major component of molecular growth that forms precursors for the observed photochemical organic hazes. Methods. Based on an experimental approach, we irradiated a gaseous mixture representative of a Titan-like atmosphere (N-2-dominated with CH4) using an extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV). Trace amounts of water vapor were added to the composition of the Titan-type gas mixture to simulate an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Results. A wide variety of molecules and ions have been detected and they cannot all be identified based on our current knowledge of the organic chemistry of planetary atmospheres (mostly N- and C-based chemistry). The presence of even trace amounts of H2O significantly broadens the product distribution, and H3O+ is found to be the most abundant ion. Conclusions. This work demonstrates the complexity of the chemistry within exoplanet atmospheres. Numerical models must consider oxygen chemistry and ion-molecule reactions in order to probe the habitability of a certain type of super-Earths. The abundance of H3O+ makes it a good candidate for future observations.; Example output: [['temperate super-Earth atmospheres', 'contain', 'aerosols'], ['aerosols', 'complicate', 'spectroscopic analyses'], ['Titan-like exoplanet atmosphere', 'dominated_by', 'N2'], ['extreme-uv photon source (16.8 eV)', 'irradiated', 'N2-dominated gas mixture with CH4'], ['H2O', 'added_to', 'Titan-type gas mixture'], ['H2O addition', 'broadened', 'chemical product distribution'], ['experimental irradiation', 'detected', 'H3O+ ion'], ['H3O+ ion', 'measured_as', 'most abundant ion'], ['oxygen chemistry', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['ion-molecule reactions', 'required_for', 'super-Earth habitability models'], ['H3O+', 'candidate_for', 'future observations']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Aims. We analyse unpublished Spitzer observations of the thermal phase-curve of WASP-121 b, a benchmark ultra-hot Jupiter.Methods. We adopted the wavelet pixel-independent component analysis technique to remove challenging instrumental systematic effects in these datasets and we fit them simultaneously with parametric light-curve models. We also performed phase-curve retrievals to better understand the horizontal and vertical thermal structure of the planetary atmosphere.Results. We measured planetary brightness temperatures of similar to 2700K (dayside) and similar to 700-1100K (nightside), along with modest peak offsets of 5.9 degrees +/- 1.6 (3.6 mu m) and 5.0 degrees(+3.4)(-3.1) (4.5 mu m) after mid-eclipse. These results suggest inefficient heat redistribution in the atmosphere of WASP-121 b. The inferred atmospheric Bond albedo and circulation efficiency align well with observed trends for hot giant exoplanets. Interestingly, the measured peak offsets correspond to a westward hot spot, which has rarely been observed. We also report consistent transit depths at 3.6 and 4.5 mu m, along with updated geometric and orbital parameters. Finally, we compared our Spitzer results with previous measurements, including recent JWST observations.Conclusions. We extracted new information on the thermal properties and dynamics of an exoplanet atmosphere from an especially problematic dataset. This study probes the reliability of exoplanet phase-curve parameters obtained from Spitzer observations when state-of-the-art pipelines are adopted to remove the instrumental systematic effects. It demonstrates that Spitzer phase-curve observations provide a useful baseline for comparison with JWST observations, and shows the increase in parameters precision achieved with the newer telescope.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Stable periodic orbits in spiral galactic models that form families of precessing ellipses can create spiral density waves similar to those that are observed in real grand-design galaxies. We study the range in parameter space for which the amplitude of the spiral perturbation, the pattern speed, and the pitch angle collaborate so as to lead to the creation of density waves that are supported by precessing ellipses and their surrounding matter in ordered motion. Quantitative estimates lead to a correlation between the pitch angle and the amplitude of the spiral perturbation and also between the pitch angle and the pattern speed of the spiral arms. These correlations can be regarded as an orbital analog of a nonlinear dispersion relation in density wave theory.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We present a study of the filamentary structure in the neutral atomic hydrogen (H I) emission at the 21 cm wavelength toward the Galactic plane using the 16 '.2-resolution observations in the H I 4 pi (HI4PI) survey. Using the Hessian matrix method across radial velocity channels, we identified the filamentary structures and quantified their orientations using circular statistics. We found that the regions of the Milky Way's disk beyond 10 kpc and up to roughly 18 kpc from the Galactic center display H I filamentary structures predominantly parallel to the Galactic plane. For regions at lower Galactocentric radii, we found that the H I filaments are mostly perpendicular or do not have a preferred orientation with respect to the Galactic plane. We interpret these results as the imprint of supernova feedback in the inner Galaxy and Galactic rotation and shear in the outer Milky Way. We found that the H I filamentary structures follow the Galactic warp and flaring and that they highlight some of the variations interpreted as the effect of the gravitational interaction with satellite galaxies. In addition, the mean scale height of the filamentary structures is lower than that sampled by the bulk of the H I emission, thus indicating that the cold and warm atomic hydrogen phases have different scale heights in the outer galaxy. Finally, we found that the fraction of the column density in H I filaments is almost constant up to approximately 18 kpc from the Galactic center. This is possibly a result of the roughly constant ratio between the cold and warm atomic hydrogen phases inferred from the H I absorption studies. Our results indicate that the H I filamentary structures provide insight into the dynamical processes shaping the Galactic disk. Their orientations record how and where the stellar energy input, the Galactic fountain process, the cosmic ray diffusion, and the gas accretion have molded the diffuse interstellar medium in the Galactic plane.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The information on Galactic assembly time is imprinted on the chemodynamics of globular clusters. This makes them important probes that help us to understand the formation and evolution of the Milky Way. Discerning between in-situ and ex-situ origin of these objects is difficult when we study the Galactic bulge, which is the most complex and mixed component of the Milky Way. To investigate the early evolution of the Galactic bulge, we analysed the globular cluster NGC 6355. We derived chemical abundances and kinematic and dynamic properties by gathering information from high-resolution spectroscopy with FLAMES-UVES, photometry with the Hubble Space Telescope, and Galactic dynamic calculations applied to the globular cluster NGC 6355. We derive an age of 13.2 +/- 1.1 Gyr and a metallicity of [Fe/H]=- 1.39 +/- 0.08 for NGC 6355, with alpha-enhancement of [alpha/Fe]=; + 0.37 +/- 0.11. The abundance pattern of the globular cluster is compatible with bulge field RR Lyrae stars and in-situ well-studied globular clusters. The orbital parameters suggest that the cluster is currently confined within the bulge volume when we consider a heliocentric distance of 8.54 +/- 0.19 kpc and an extinction coefficient of R-V=2.84 +/- 0.02. NGC 6355 is highly likely to come from the main bulge progenitor. Nevertheless, it still has a low probability of being formed from an accreted event because its age is uncertain and because of the combined [Mg/Mn] [Al/Fe] abundance. Its relatively low metallicity with respect to old and moderately metal-poor inner Galaxy clusters may suggest a low-metallicity floor for globular clusters that formed in-situ in the early Galactic bulge.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We present a statistical study of the filamentary structure orientation in the CO emission observations obtained in the Milky Way Imaging Scroll Painting survey in the range 25(.)degrees. degrees8 < l < 49(.)degrees. degrees7, |b| <= 1(.)degreesdegrees25, and -100 < v(LSR) < 135 km s(-1). We found that most of the filamentary structures in the (CO)-C-12 and (CO)-C-13 emission do not show a global preferential orientation either parallel or perpendicular to the Galactic plane. However, we found ranges in Galactic longitude and radial velocity where the (CO)-C-12 and (CO)-C-13 filamentary structures are parallel to the Galactic plane. These preferential orientations are different from those found for the HI emission. We consider this an indication that the molecular structures do not simply inherit these properties from parental atomic clouds. Instead, they are shaped by local physical conditions, such as stellar feedback, magnetic fields, and Galactic spiral shocks.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. The local stellar halo of the Milky Way contains the debris from several past accretion events.Aims. Here we study in detail the structure and properties of nearby debris associated with the Helmi streams, which was originally identified as an overdensity in integrals of motion space.Methods. We use 6D phase-space information from Gaia EDR3 combined with spectroscopic surveys, and we analyse the orbits and frequencies of the stars in the streams using various Galactic potentials. We also explore how the Helmi streams constrain the flattening, q, of the Galactic dark matter halo.Results. We find that the streams are split into substructures in integrals of motion space, most notably into two clumps in angular momentum space. The clumps have consistent metallicity distributions and stellar populations, supporting a common progeny. In all the realistic Galactic potentials explored, the Helmi streams' stars depict a diffuse distribution close to Omega(z)/Omega(R) similar to 0.7. At the same time, the reason for the substructure in angular momentum space appears to be a Omega(z):Omega(phi) resonance close to 1:1. This resonance is exactly 1:1 in the case where the (density) flattening of the dark halo is q = 1.2. For this halo shape, the substructure in angular momenta is also long-lasting.Conclusions. Our findings suggest that the structure of the Galactic potential leaves a clear imprint on the properties of phase-mixed debris streams.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Neutral atomic gas (H I) effectively traces galactic dynamics across mid to large galactocentric radii. However, its limitations in observing small-scale changes within the central few kiloparsecs, coupled with the often observed H I deficit in galactic centers, necessitates the use of molecular gas emission as a preferred tracer in these regions. Understanding the dynamics of both neutral atomic and molecular gas is crucial for a more complete understanding of how galaxies evolve, funnel gas from the outer disk into their central parts, and eventually form stars. In this work we aim to quantify the dynamics of both, the neutral atomic and molecular gas, in the nearby spiral galaxies NGC 1512, NGC 4535, and NGC 7496 using new MeerKAT H I observations together with ALMA CO (2-1) observations from the PHANGS collaboration. We use the analysis tool 3DBarolo to fit tilted ring models to the H I and CO observations. A combined approach of using the H I to constrain the true disk orientation parameters before applying these to the CO datasets is tested. This paper sets expectations for the results of the upcoming high-resolution H I coverage of many galaxies in the PHANGS-ALMA sample using MeerKAT or VLA, to establish a robust methodology for characterizing galaxy orientations and deriving dynamics from combing new H I with existing CO data.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): A typical galactic disc has a finite thickness. In addition to stars, it also contains a finite amount of interstellar gas. Here, we investigate the physical impact of the finite thickness of a galactic disc on the disc stability against the non-axisymmetric perturbations and on the longevity of the spiral density waves, with and without the presence of gas. The longevity is quantified via the group velocity of density wavepackets. The galactic disc is first modelled as a collisionless stellar disc with finite height and then more realistically as a gravitationally coupled stars plus gas system (with a different thickness for stars and gas). For each case, we derive the appropriate dispersion relation in the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin approximation and study the dynamical effect of the disc thickness on the life-time of spiral density waves via a parametric approach. We find the generic trend that the effective reduction in disc self-gravity due to disc thickness makes it more stable against the non-axisymmetric perturbations and shortens the life-span of the spiral density waves. Furthermore, interstellar gas and disc thickness are shown to have a mutually opposite dynamical effect on the disc stability as well as on the longevity of the spiral density waves. While the gas supports the non-axisymmetric features for a longer time, the disc thickness has an opposite, quenching effect. Consequently, the net change is set by the relative dominance of the opposite effects of the interstellar gas and the disc thickness.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. We investigate the properties of spiral shocks in a steady, adiabatic, non-axisymmetric, self-gravitating, mass-outflowing accretion disk around a compact object.Aims. We obtained the accretion-ejection solutions in a galactic disk and applied them to spiral galaxies in order to investigate the possible physical connections between some observational quantities of galaxies.Methods. We considered the self-gravitating disk potential to examine the properties of the galactic gaseous disk. We obtained spiral shock-induced accretion-ejection solutions following the point-wise self-similar approach.Results. We observed that the self-gravitating disk profoundly affects the dynamics of the spiral structure of the disk and the properties of the spiral shocks. We find that the observational dispersion between the pitch angle and shear rate and between the pitch angle and star formation rate in spiral galaxies contains some important physical information.Conclusions. There are large differences among the star formation rates of galaxies with similar pitch angles. These differences may be explained by the different star formation efficiencies caused by distinct galactic ambient conditions.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. Molecular clouds in the central molecular zone (CMZ) have been observed to feature turbulent line widths that are significantly higher, and scale with cloud size more steeply, than in the rest of the Milky Way. In the same Galactic region, the stellar density is also much higher than in the rest of the Milky Way, and the vertical stellar velocity dispersion is large, meaning that even young stars are likely to cross the entire vertical extent of the CMZ within their lifetimes. Aims. We investigate whether interactions of CMZ molecular clouds with crossing stars can account for the extraordinary properties of observed turbulence in this part of the Galaxy. Methods. We calculated the rate of energy deposition by stars crossing CMZ clouds due to (a) stellar winds and (b) dynamical friction, and compared it to the rate of turbulence decay. We calculated the predicted scaling of turbulence line width with cloud size in each case. Results. We find that energy deposition by stellar winds of crossing massive stars can account for both the level and the scaling of CMZ cloud turbulence with cloud size. We also find that the mechanism stops being effective at a Galactocentric distance comparable to the CMZ extent. On the other hand, we find that dynamical friction by crossing stars does not constitute a significant driver of turbulence for CMZ clouds.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): In the Gaia era, understanding the effects of the perturbations of the Galactic disc is of major importance in the context of dynamical modelling. In this theoretical paper we extend previous work in which, making use of the epicyclic approximation, the linearized Boltzmann equation had been used to explicitly compute, away from resonances, the perturbed distribution function of a Galactic thin-disc population in the presence of a non-axisymmetric perturbation of constant amplitude. Here we improve this theoretical framework in two distinct ways in the new code that we present. First, we use better estimates for the action-angle variables away from quasi-circular orbits, computed from the AGAMA software, and we present an efficient routine to numerically re-express any perturbing potential in these coordinates with a typical accuracy at the per cent level. The use of more accurate action estimates allows us to identify resonances such as the outer 1:1 bar resonance at higher azimuthal velocities than the outer Lindblad resonance, and to extend our previous theoretical results well above the Galactic plane, where we explicitly show how they differ from the epicyclic approximation. In particular, the displacement of resonances in velocity space as a function of height can in principle constrain the 3D structure of the Galactic potential. Second, we allow the perturbation to be time dependent, thereby allowing us to model the effect of transient spiral arms or a growing bar. The theoretical framework and tools presented here will be useful for a thorough analytical dynamical modelling of the complex velocity distribution of disc stars as measured by past and upcoming Gaia data releases.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. Various stellar objects experience a velocity kick at some point in their evolution. These include neutron stars and black holes at their birth, or binary systems when one of the two components goes supernova. For most of these objects, the magnitude of the kick and its impact on the object dynamics remains a topic of debate.Aims. We investigate how kicks alter the velocity distribution of objects born in the Milky Way disc, both immediately after the kick and at later times, and whether these kicks are encoded in the observed population of Galactic neutron stars.Methods. We simulated the Galactic trajectories of point masses on circular orbits in the disc after being perturbed by an isotropic kick, with a Maxwellian distribution where sigma = 265 km s(-1). Then, we simulated the motion of these point masses for 200 Myr. These trajectories were then evaluated, either for the Milky Way population as a whole or for those passing within two kiloparsecs of the Sun, to get the time evolution of the velocities.Results. During the first 20 Myr, the bulk velocity of kicked objects becomes temporarily aligned with the cylindrical radius, implying an anisotropy in the velocity orientations. Beyond this age, the velocity distribution shifts towards lower values and settles to a median of similar to 200 km s(-1). Around the Sun, the distribution also loses its upper tail, primarily due to unbound objects escaping the Galaxy. We compared this to the velocities of Galactic pulsars and find that pulsars show a similar evolution with characteristic age.Conclusions. The shift in the velocity distribution is due to bound objects spending most of their orbits at larger radii after the kick. They are, therefore, decelerated by the Galactic potential. We find the same deceleration for nearby objects and the total population, and conclude that it is also observed in Galactic pulsars. Because of this effect, the (scalar) speeds of old neutron stars provide little information about their kicks at birth.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): This work presents the results from extending the long-term monitoring program of stellar motions within the Galactic Center to include stars with separations of 2-7 arcsec from the compact radio source, Sgr A*. In comparison to the well studied inner 2 arcsec, a longer baseline in time is required to study these stars. With 17 years of data, a sufficient number of positions along the orbits of these outer stars can now be measured. This was achieved by designing a source finder to track the positions of similar to 2000 stars in NACO/VLT adaptive-optics-assisted images of the Galactic Center from 2002 to 2019. Of the studied stars, 54 exhibit significant accelerations toward Sgr A*, most of which have separations of between 2 and 3 arcsec from the black hole. A further 20 of these stars have measurable radial velocities from SINFONI/VLT stellar spectra, which allows for the calculation of the orbital elements for these stars, thus increasing the number of known orbits in the Galactic Center by similar to 40%. With orbits, we can consider which structural features within the Galactic Center nuclear star cluster these stars belong to. Most of the stars have orbital solutions that are consistent with the known clockwise rotating disk feature. Further, by employing Monte Carlo sampling for stars without radial velocity measurements, we show that many stars have a subset of possible orbits that are consistent with one of the known disk features within the Galactic Center.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We show that measuring the velocity components of hypervelocity stars (HVSs) can discriminate between modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) and Newtonian gravity. Hypervelocity stars are ejected from the Galactic center on radial trajectories with a null tangential velocity component in the reference frame of the Galaxy. They acquire tangential components due to the nonspherical components of the Galactic gravitational potential. Axisymmetric potentials only affect the latitudinal components, v(theta), and non-null azimuthal components, v(phi), originate from non-axisymmetric matter distributions. For HVSs with sufficiently high ejection speed, the azimuthal velocity components are proportionate to the deviation of the gravitational potential from axial symmetry. The ejection velocity threshold is similar to 750 km s(-1) for 4 M-circle dot stars and increases with decreasing HVS mass. We determine the upper limit of v(phi) as a function of the galactocentric distance for these high-speed HVSs if MOND, in its quasi-linear formulation QUMOND, is the correct theory of gravity and either the triaxial Galactic bulge or a nonspherical hot gaseous halo is the primary source of the azimuthal component, v(phi). In Newtonian gravity, the HVSs within 60 kpc of the Galactic center may easily have v(phi) values higher than the QUMOND upper limit if the dark matter halo is triaxial or if the dark matter halo and the baryonic components are axisymmetric but their two axes of symmetry are misaligned. Therefore, even a limited sample of high-speed HVSs could in principle allow us to distinguish between the QUMOND scenario and the dark matter model. This test is currently limited by (i) the lack of a proper procedure to assess whether a star originates from the Galactic center and thus is indeed an HVS in the model one wishes to constrain; and (ii) the large uncertainties on the galactocentric azimuthal velocity components, which should be reduced by at least a factor of similar to 10 to make this test conclusive. A proper procedure to assess the HVS nature of the observed stars and astrometric measurements with microarcsecond precision would make this test feasible.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The 21 cm emission from atomic hydrogen (H I ) is one of the most important tracers of the structure and dynamics of the interstellar medium. Thanks to Galactic rotation, the line is Doppler shifted and, assuming a model for the velocity field, data from gas line surveys can be deprojected along the line of sight. However, given our vantage point in the Galaxy, such a reconstruction suffers from a number of ambiguities. Here, we argue that those can be cured by exploiting the spatial coherence of the gas density that is implied by the physical processes shaping it. We have adopted a Bayesian inference framework that allows reconstructing the three-dimensional map of H I and quantifying its uncertainty. We employ data from the HI4PI compilation to produce three-dimensional maps of Galactic H I. The reconstructed density shows structure on a variety of scales. In particular, some spurs and spiral arms can be identified with ease. We discuss the morphology of the surface mass density and the radial and vertical profiles.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. Very-high-energy gamma-ray observations of the Galactic center (GC) show extended emission that is strongly correlated with the morphology of the central molecular zone (CMZ). The best explanation for that emission is a hadronic interaction between cosmic rays (CRs) and ambient gas, where a CR central and continuous source accelerates protons up to 1 PeV (PeVatron). However, current models assume very simplistic CR dynamics.Aims. Our goal is to verify if more realistic CR dynamics for the GC environment are consistent with current gamma-ray observations, and whether they could be constrained by upcoming observations with the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA).Methods. We generated synthetic gamma-ray maps using a CR transport model with spherical injection, different diffusion regimes (in and out of the CMZ), polar advection, and mono-energetic particles of 1 PeV, and including different CR populations injected from the Arches, Quintuplet, and nuclear clusters of young massive stars, plus supernova Sgr A East. We adopted two different 3D gas distributions consistent with the observed gas column density, either with or without an inner cavity.Results. In order to reproduce the existing observations detected by the High Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS), a ring-like gas distribution, with its mass set by the standard Galactic CO-to-H-2 conversion factor, and CR acceleration from all relevant sources are required. For a conversion factor one order of magnitude lower, injection rates that are ten times higher are needed. We show that CTA will be able to differentiate between models with different CR dynamics, proton sources, and CMZ morphologies, owing to its unprecedented sensitivity and angular resolution.Conclusions. More realistic CR dynamics suggest that the CMZ has a large inner cavity and that the GC PeVatron is a composite CR population accelerated by the Arches, Quintuplet, and nuclear star clusters, and Sgr A East.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. The galactic winds of starburst galaxies (SBGs) give rise to remarkable structures on kiloparsec scales. However, the evolution and shape of these giant wind bubbles, as well as the properties of the shocks they develop, are not yet fully understood. Aims. We aim to understand what shapes the galactic winds of SBGs, with a particular focus on the role of large-scale magnetic fields in the dynamical evolution of galactic wind-inflated bubbles. In addition, we aim to explore where the conditions for efficient particle acceleration are met in these systems. Methods. We performed magnetohydrodynamic simulations with the AMRVAC code (Adaptive Mesh Refinement Versatile Advection Code) with various configurations of the galactic medium density profile and magnetization. Results. We observe that the large-scale magnetic field, in which galactic winds expand, can impact the structure and evolution of inflated bubbles. However, the typical structures observed in starburst galaxies, such as M82, cannot be solely explained by the magnetic field structures that have been considered. This highlights the importance of other factors, such as the galactic disk, in shaping the galactic bubble. Furthermore, in all the magnetized cases we investigated, the forward wave resulting from the expanding bubbles only results in compression waves, whereas the wind termination shock features high Mach numbers, making it a promising site for diffusive shock acceleration up to similar to 10(2) PeV. The synthetic X-ray images generated from our models reveal an envelope surrounding the bubbles that extends up to 2 kpc, which could correspond to the polarized emission observed from planar geometry in M82, as well as a large structure inside the bubble corresponding to the shocked galactic wind. Additionally, our findings indicate that, as observed with the SOFIA instrument, a large ordered magnetic field is associated with the free galactic wind, while a more turbulent magnetic field is present in the shocked region.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. Time-dependent potentials are common in galactic systems that undergo significant evolution, interactions, or encounters with other galaxies, or when there are dynamic processes such as star formation and merging events. Recent studies show that an ensemble approach along with the so-called snapshot framework in the theory of dynamical systems provide a powerful tool to analyze the time-dependent dynamics. Aims. In this work, we aim to explore and quantify the phase space structure and dynamical complexity in time-dependent galactic potentials consisting of multiple components. Methods. We applied the classical method of Poincar & eacute; surface of sections to analyze the phase space structure in a chaotic Hamiltonian system subjected to parameter drift. This, however, makes sense only when the evolution of a large ensemble of initial conditions is followed. Numerical simulations explore the phase space structure of such ensembles while the system undergoes a continuous parameter change. The pair-wise average distance of ensemble members allowed us to define a generalized Lyapunov exponent, which might also be time-dependent, to describe the system stability. Results. We provide a comprehensive dynamical analysis of the system under circumstances where linear mass transfer occurs between the disk and bulge components of the model.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Outflows from galaxies that are driven by active galactic nuclei and star formation activity spread magnetic fields into the intergalactic medium. The importance of this process can be assessed using cosmological magnetohydrodynamical numerical modeling of the baryonic feedback on the large-scale structure, such as that of IllustrisTNG simulations. We use the Faraday rotation measure data of the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) to test the IllustrisTNG baryonic feedback model. We show that the IllustrisTNG overpredicts the root mean square of the residual rotation measure in LoTSS, which suggests that pollution of the intergalactic medium by magnetized outflows from galaxies is less important than the estimate from IllustrisTNG. This fact supports the hypothesis that the volume-filling large-scale magnetic fields in voids of the large-scale structure are of cosmological origin.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): In this work, we study the stellar-dynamical hardening of unequal mass supermassive black hole (SMBH) binaries in the central regions of merging galactic nuclei. We present a comprehensive set of direct N-body simulations of the problem, varying both the total mass and the mass ratio of the SMBH binary (SMBHB). Simulations were carried out with the co-GPU N-body code, which enabled us to fully exploit supercomputers equipped with graphic processing units (GPUs). As a model for the galactic nuclei, we adopted initial axisymmetric, rotating models, aimed at reproducing the properties of a galactic nucleus emerging from a galaxy merger event, containing two SMBHs which were unbound initially. We found no 'final-parsec problem', as our SMBHs tend to pair and shrink without showing significant signs of stalling. This confirms earlier results and extends them to large particle numbers and rotating systems. We find that the SMBHB hardening depends on the binary-reduced mass ratio via a single parameter function. Our results suggest that, at a fixed value for the SMBHB primary mass, the merger time of highly asymmetric binaries is up to four order of magnitudes smaller than the equal-mass binaries. This can significantly affect the population of SMBHs potentially detectable as gravitational wave sources.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. High-energy (HE) and very high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray observations from the Galactic center (GC) detected extended emission correlated with the morphology of the central molecular zone (CMZ). Emission in both bands is expected to be produced by hadronic interaction between cosmic rays (CRs) and ambient gas. Aims. We examine if our three previously proposed scenarios for the CR sources and dynamics, which are consistent with the VHE gamma-ray data (1-100 TeV), also match the HE gamma-ray observations (10-300 GeV). Additionally, we analyze the effect of the isotropic Galactic CR sea inside the CMZ. Methods. We generated synthetic gamma-ray maps considering a simplified isotropic diffusion, but more realistic dynamics with two diffusion zones (in and out of the CMZ) and polar advection, for mono-energetic particles of 3 TeV. Additionally, we considered two gas distributions for the CMZ (with and without an inner cavity), and CR populations injected from the clusters of young massive stars (the Arches Cluster, the Quintuplet Cluster, and the nuclear star cluster), plus the supernova Sgr A East. Results. Only the combination of more realistic CR dynamics, the CMZ with an inner cavity, CR injection from all proposed sources, and a CR sea similar to that observed in the Solar System reproduced the current HE and VHE gamma-ray detection from the CMZ and was consistent with the observed gamma-rays from Sagittarius A*. Conclusions. The HE and VHE gamma-rays observations of the GC can be reproduced by a unified model for the CRs.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Carbon monoxide (CO) is the best tracer of Galactic molecular hydrogen (H-2). Its lowest rotational emission lines are in the radio regime, and thanks to Galactic rotation, emission at different distances is Doppler shifted. For a given gas flow model, the observed spectra can thus be deprojected along the line of sight to infer the gas distribution. We used the CO-line survey of Dame et al. (2001, ApJ, 547, 792) to reconstruct the three-dimensional density of H-2. We considered the deprojection as a Bayesian variational inference problem. The posterior distribution of the gas densities allowed us to estimate the mean and uncertainty of the reconstructed density. Unlike most of the previous attempts, we took the correlations of gas on a variety of scales into account, which allowed us to correct for some of the well-known pathologies, such as finger-of-god effects. The two gas flow models that we adopted incorporate a Galactic bar that induces radial motions in the inner few kiloparsecs and thus offers spectral resolution towards the Galactic centre. We compared our gas maps with those of earlier studies and characterise their statistical properties, for instance the radial profile of the average surface mass density.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Aims. We investigate the metallicity, age, and orbital anatomy of the inner Milky Way, specifically focussing on the outer bar region. Methods. We integrated a sample of APOGEE DR16 inner Galaxy stars in a state of the art bar-bulge potential with a slow pattern speed and investigated the link between the resulting orbits and their [Fe/H] and ages. By superimposing the orbits, we built density, [Fe/H], and age maps of the inner Milky Way, which we divided further using the orbital parameters eccentricity, |X-max|, and |Z(max)|. Results. We find that at low heights from the Galactic plane, the Galactic bar gradually transitions into a radially thick, vertically thin, elongated inner ring with average solar [Fe/H]. This inner ring is mainly composed of stars with AstroNN ages between 4 and 9 Gyr with a peak in age between 6 and 8 Gyr, making the average age of the ring similar to 6 Gyr. The vertical thickness of the ring decreases markedly towards younger ages. We also find very large L4 Lagrange orbits that have average solar to super-solar metallicities and intermediate ages. Lastly, we confirm a clear X-shape in the [Fe/H] and density distributions at large Galactic heights. Conclusions. The orbital structure obtained for the APOGEE stars reveals that the Milky Way hosts an inner ring-like structure between the planar bar and corotation. This structure is on average metal rich, intermediately aged, and enhances the horizontal metallicity gradient along the bar's major axis.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): General relativistic force-free electrodynamics is one possible plasma-limit employed to analyze energetic outflows in which strong magnetic fields are dominant over all inertial phenomena. The amazing images of black hole (BH) shadows from the Galactic Center and the M87 galaxy provide a first direct glimpse into the physics of accretion flows in the most extreme environments of the universe. The efficient extraction of energy in the form of collimated outflows or jets from a rotating BH is directly linked to the topology of the surrounding magnetic field. We aim at providing a tool to numerically model the dynamics of such fields in magnetospheres around compact objects, such as BHs and neutron stars. To do so, we probe their role in the formation of high energy phenomena such as magnetar flares and the highly variable teraelectronvolt emission of some active galactic nuclei. In this work, we present numerical strategies capable of modeling fully dynamical force-free magnetospheres of compact astrophysical objects. We provide implementation details and extensive testing of our implementation of general relativistic force-free electrodynamics in Cartesian and spherical coordinates using the infrastructure of the EINSTEIN TOOLKIT. The employed hyperbolic/parabolic cleaning of numerical errors with full general relativistic compatibility allows for fast advection of numerical errors in dynamical spacetimes. Such fast advection of divergence errors significantly improves the stability of the general relativistic force-free electrodynamics modeling of BH magnetospheres.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. Broad emission lines are the most characteristic features in the spectra of galaxies with an active galactic nucleus (AGN). They mostly show either single-peaked or double-peaked profiles and originate from a complex dynamics of the likely discrete clouds moving in a spatially extended region known as the broad line region (BLR). Aims. In this paper, we present a large grid of results, which is used to test the model based on calculations of the spectral line generic profiles. Methods. We followed a non-hydrodynamical single-cloud approach to BLR dynamics based on a radiatively dust-driven model. We previously showed in detail that the 2.5D version of the model could provide us with the 3D geometry of the BLR. Results. We show that the shape of profiles not only depends on the accretion rate of the source, the black hole mass, and the viewing angle, but it is most significantly affected by the adopted dust-to-gas mass ratio regulating the strength of the radiation pressure. We also show that the model can aptly explain the low ionized broad emission lines of the mean spectrum of quasars, such as MgII and H beta. Conclusions. The radiatively dust-driving mechanism can appropriately account for the low-ionized part of BLR of AGNs.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. Recent studies have reported the detection of the galactic stellar halo wake and dipole triggered by the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), mirroring the corresponding response from dark matter (DM). These studies open up the possibility of adding constraints on the global mass distribution of the Milky Way (MW), and even on the nature of DM itself, with current and upcoming stellar surveys reigniting the discussion on response modes in dynamical friction. However, the simulation of such features remains computationally challenging. Aims. Using a continuous medium approach, we investigate the density and velocity response modes in simulations of Galactic-type DM halos accreting LMC-sized satellites, including the dependence on the halo density profile. Methods. We used, for the first time in the context of galactic dynamics, a collisionless Boltzmann equation (CBE)+Poisson solver based on an existing method from the literature. We studied the dynamical density and velocity response of halos to sinking perturbers. Results. We successfully captured both the local wake and the global over- and underdensity induced in the host halo. We also captured the velocity response. In line with previous studies, we find that the code can reproduce the core formation in the cuspy profile and the satellite core stalling. The angular power spectrum (APS) response is shown to be sensitive to each density profile. The cored Plummer density profile seems the most responsive, displaying a richness of modes. At the end of the simulation, the central halo acquires cylindrical rotation. When present, a stellar component is expected to behave in a similar fashion. Conclusions. The CBE description makes it tenable to capture the response modes with a better handling of noise in comparison to traditional N-body simulations. Hence, given a certain noise level, BPM has a lower computational cost than N-body simulations, making it feasible to explore large parameter sets. We anticipate that stellar spheroids in the MW or external galaxies could show central cylindrical rotation if they underwent a massive accretion event. The code can be adjusted to include a variety of DM physics.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Previous studies of the chemo-kinematic properties of stars in the Galactic bulge have revealed a puzzling trend. Along the bulge minor axis, and close to the Galactic plane, metal-rich stars display a higher line-of-sight velocity dispersion compared to metal-poor stars, while at higher latitudes metal-rich stars have lower velocity dispersions than metal-poor stars, similar to what is found in the Galactic disc. In this work, we re-examine this issue, by studying the dependence of line-of-sight velocity dispersions on metallicity and latitude in APOGEE Data Release 17, confirming the results of previous works. We then analyse an N-body simulation of a Milky Way-like galaxy, also taking into account observational biases introduced by the APOGEE selection function. We show that the inversion in the line-of-sight velocity dispersion-latitude relation observed in the Galactic bulge - where the velocity dispersion of metal-rich stars becomes greater than that of metal-poor stars as latitude decreases - can be reproduced by our model. We show that this inversion is a natural consequence of a scenario in which the bulge is a boxy or peanut-shaped structure, whose metal-rich and metal-poor stars mainly originate from the thin and thick disc of the Milky Way, respectively. Due to their cold kinematics, metal-rich, thin disc stars are efficiently trapped in the boxy, peanut-shaped bulge, and at low latitudes show a strong barred morphology, which - given the bar orientation with respect to the Sun-Galactic centre direction - results in high velocity dispersions that are larger than those attained by the metal-poor populations. Extremely metal-rich stars in the Galactic bulge, which have received renewed attention in the literature, do follow the same trends as those of the metal-rich populations. The line-of-sight velocity-latitude relation observed in the Galactic bulge for metal-poor and metal-rich stars are thus both an effect of the intrinsic nature of the Galactic bulge (i.e. mostly secular) and of the angle at which we observe it from the Sun.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. The existence of intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) still poses challenges to theoretical and observational astronomers. Several candidates have been proposed, including the one in the IRS13 cluster in the Galactic centre, where the evidence is based on the velocity dispersion of its members; however, none have been confirmed to date. Aims. We aim to gain insights into the presence of an IMBH in the Galactic centre through a numerical study of the dynamical interplay between an IMBH and star clusters (SCs) in the vicinity of a supermassive black hole (SMBH). Methods. We used high-precision N-body models of IRS13-like SCs in the Galactic centre, and of more massive SCs that fall into the centre of the Galaxy from larger distances. Results. We find that at IRS13's physical distance of 0.4 pc, an IRS13-sized SC cannot remain gravitationally bound even if it contains an IMBH of thousands of M circle dot. Thus, IRS13 appears to be an incidental present-day clumping of stars. Furthermore, we show that the velocity dispersion of tidally disrupted SCs (the likely origin of IRS13) can be fully accounted for by the tidal forces of the central SMBH; the IMBH's influence is not essential.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We have applied our method to weigh the Galactic disk using phase-space spirals to the proper motion sample of Gaia's early third release (EDR3). For stars in distant regions of the Galactic disk, the latitudinal proper motion has a close projection with vertical velocity, such that the phase-space spiral in the plane of vertical position and vertical velocity can be observed without requiring that all stars have available radial velocity information. We divided the Galactic plane into 360 separate data samples, each corresponding to an area cell in the Galactic plane in the distance range of 1.4-3.4 kpc, with an approximate cell length of 200-400 pc. Roughly half of our data samples were disqualified altogether due to severe selection e ffects, especially in the direction of the Galactic centre. In the remainder, we were able to infer the vertical gravitational potential by fitting an analytic model of the phase-space spiral to the data. This work is the first of its kind, in the sense that we are weighing distant regions of the Galactic disk with a high spatial resolution, without relying on the strong assumptions of axisymmetry. Post-inference, we fitted a thin disk scale length of 2.2 +/- 0.1 kpc, although this value is sensitive to the considered spatial region. We see surface density variations as a function of azimuth of the order of 10-20%, which is roughly the size of our estimated sum of potential systematic biases. With this work, we have demonstrated that our method can be used to weigh distant regions of the Galactic disk despite strong selection e ffects. We expect to reach even greater distances and improve our accuracy with future Gaia data releases and further improvements to our method.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620-00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620-00 to study a population of 10(5) such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 10(4) sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV gamma rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.; Example output: [['Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs)', 'proposed_as', 'candidate sources of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)'], ['BHXBs', 'launch', 'relativistic jets'], ['A0620-00', 'exhibits', 'jet emission'], ['radio-to-X-ray spectrum', 'constrains', 'jet dynamics'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^5 qBHXBs in Galactic disc'], ['A0620-00 jet dynamics', 'models', 'population of 10^4 qBHXBs in boxy bulge'], ['qBHXBs cumulative intrinsic emission', 'contributes_to', 'diffuse emission from radio to TeV gamma rays'], ['SKA', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['INTEGRAL', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['CTAO', 'may_detect', 'individual qBHXBs'], ['IceCube', 'detected', 'Galactic diffuse neutrino emission'], ['predicted neutrino flux', 'compared_to', 'IceCube Galactic diffuse neutrino emission']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We present a new method for inferring the gravitational potential of the Galactic disk, using the time-varying structure of a phase-space spiral in the (z, w)-plane (where z and w represent vertical position and vertical velocity). Our method of inference extracts information from the shape of the spiral and disregards the bulk density distribution that is usually used to perform dynamical mass measurements. In this manner, it is complementary to traditional methods that are based on the assumption of a steady state. Our method consists of fitting an analytical model for the phase-space spiral to data, where the spiral is seen as a perturbation of the stellar number density in the (z, w)-plane. We tested our method on one-dimensional simulations, which were initiated in a steady state and then perturbed by an external force similar to that of a passing satellite. We were able to retrieve the true gravitational potentials of the simulations with high accuracy. The gravitational potential at 400-500 parsec distances from the disk mid-plane was inferred with an error of only a few percent. This is the first paper of a series in which we plan to test and refine our method on more complex simulations, as well as apply our method to Gaia data.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. The nature of dark matter (DM) is still under intense debate. Subgalactic scales are particularly critical, as different, currently viable DM models make diverse predictions on the expected abundance and density profile of DM haloes on these scales.Aims. We investigate the ability of subgalactic DM haloes to act as strong lenses on background compact sources, producing gravitational lensing events on milli-arcsecond scales (milli-lenses), for different DM models. For each DM scenario, we explore whether a sample of similar to 5000 distant sources is sufficient to detect at least one milli-lens.Methods. We developed a semi-analytical model to estimate the milli-lensing optical depth as a function of the source's redshift for various DM models. We employed the Press-Schechter formalism, as well as results from recent N-body simulations to compute the halo mass function, taking into account the appropriate spherically averaged density profile of haloes for each DM model. We treated the lensing system as a point-mass lens and invoked the effective surface mass density threshold to calculate the fraction of a halo that acts as a gravitational lens. We studied three classes of dark matter models: cold DM, warm DM, and self-interacting DM.Results. We find that haloes consisting of warm DM turn out to be optically thin for strong gravitational milli-lensing (zero expected lensing events). Cold DM haloes may produce lensing events depending on the steepness of the concentration-mass relation. Self-interacting DM haloes can efficiently act as gravitational milli-lenses only if haloes experience gravothermal collapse, resulting in highly dense central cores.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. The analysis of gravitational lensing by galaxies and galaxy clusters typically relies on ellipsoidal lens models to describe the deflection of light by the involved dark-matter halos. These models are most often based on the isothermal density profile - not an optimal description of the halo, but easy to use because it leads to an analytic deflection-angle formula. Aims. Dark-matter halos are better described by the Navarro-Frenk-White (hereafter NFW) density profile. We set out to study lensing by a general triaxial ellipsoidal NFW halo, with the aim of providing an analytic model that would be more consistent with the current understanding of dark-matter halos. Methods. We computed the conversion between the properties of a triaxial ellipsoidal lens model and its elliptical surface-density profile. In the case of the NFW lens model, its angular scale is defined by the projected scale semi-major axis of the halo, while its lensing regime depends on two parameters: the projected eccentricity e and the convergence parameter kappa s. We employed the Bourassa & Kantowski formalism to compute the complex scattering function of the model, which yields the deflection-angle components when separated into its real and imaginary parts. Results. We present the obtained closed-form expressions for the deflection-angle components, valid for an arbitrary eccentricity of the surface-density profile. We use them to compute and describe the lensing properties of the model, including: the shear, its components, and the phase; the critical curves, caustics, and the parameter-space mapping of their different geometries; the deformations and orientations of images. Conclusions. The analytically solved ellipsoidal NFW lens model is available for implementation in gravitational lensing software. The techniques introduced here such as the image-plane analysis can prove to be useful for understanding the properties of other lens models as well.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Strong gravitational lensing is a unique observational tool for studying the dark and luminous mass distribution both within and between galaxies. Given the presence of substructures, current strong lensing observations demand more complex mass models than smooth analytical profiles, such as power-law ellipsoids. In this work, we introduce a continuous neural field to predict the lensing potential at any position throughout the image plane, allowing for a nearly model-independent description of the lensing mass. We applied our method to simulated Hubble Space Telescope imaging data containing different types of perturbations to a smooth mass distribution: a localized dark subhalo, a population of subhalos, and an external shear perturbation. Assuming knowledge of the source surface brightness, we used the continuous neural field to model either the perturbations alone or the full lensing potential. In both cases, the resulting model was able to fit the imaging data, and we were able to accurately recover the properties of both the smooth potential and the perturbations. Unlike many other deep-learning methods, ours explicitly retains lensing physics (i.e., the lens equation) and introduces high flexibility in the model only where required, namely, in the lens potential. Moreover, the neural network does not require pretraining on large sets of labeled data and predicts the potential from the single observed lensing image. Our model is implemented in the fully differentiable lens modeling code HERCULENS.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Strong gravitational lensing provides a wealth of astrophysical information on the baryonic and dark matter content of galaxies. It also serves as a valuable cosmological probe by allowing us to measure the Hubble constant independently of other methods. These applications all require the difficult task of inverting the lens equation and simultaneously reconstructing the mass profile of the lens along with the original light profile of the unlensed source. As there is no reason for either the lens or the source to be simple, we need methods that both invert the lens equation with a large number of degrees of freedom and also enforce a well-controlled regularisation that avoids the appearance of spurious structures. This can be beautifully accomplished by representing signals in wavelet space. Building on the Sparse Lens Inversion Technique (SLIT), we present an improved sparsity-based method that describes lensed sources using wavelets and optimises over the parameters given an analytical lens mass profile. We applied our technique on simulated HST and E-ELT data, as well as on real HST images of lenses from the Sloan Lens ACS sample, assuming a lens model. We show that wavelets allowed us to reconstruct lensed sources containing detailed substructures when using both present-day data and very high-resolution images expected from future thirty-metre-class telescopes. In the latter case, wavelets moreover provide a much more tractable solution in terms of quality and computation time compared to using a source model that combines smooth analytical profiles and shapelets. Requiring very little human interaction, our flexible pixel-based technique fits into the ongoing effort to devise automated modelling schemes. It can be incorporated in the standard workflow of sampling analytical lens model parameters while modelling the source on a pixelated grid. The method, which we call SLITRONOMY, is freely available as a new plug-in to the modelling software LENSTRONOMY.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We investigate the impact of higher-order gravitational lens properties and properties of the background source on our approach to directly infer local lens properties from observables in multiple images of strong gravitationally lensed extended, static background sources developed in Papers I-VI. As the degeneracy between local lens and source properties only allows one to determine relative local lens properties between the multiple image positions, we cannot distinguish common scalings and distortions caused by lensing from intrinsic source characteristics. The consequences of this degeneracy for lens modelling and our approach and ways to break it are detailed here. We also set up quantitative measures around the critical curve to find clear limits on the validity of the approximation that source properties are negligible to infer local lens properties at critical points. The impact of the source on the local lens properties depends on the reduced shear at the image position and the amplitude and orientation of the source ellipticity, as we derive in this paper. Similarly, we investigate the role of third-order lens properties (flexion), in two galaxy-cluster simulations and in the Lenstool-reconstruction of the galaxy-cluster lens CL0024. In all three cases, we find that flexion is negligible in over 90% of all pixels of the lensing region for our current imprecision of local lens properties of about 10%. Decreasing the imprecision to 2%, higher-order terms start to play a role, especially in regions with shear components close to zero.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Microlensing of stars in strongly lensed galaxies can lead to temporary extreme magnification factors (mu> 1000), enabling their detection at high redshifts. Following the discovery of Icarus, several stars at cosmological distances (z > 1) have been observed using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). This emerging field of gravitational lensing holds promise to study individual high redshift stars. It also offers the opportunity to study the substructure in the lens plane with implications for dark matter models, as more lensed stars are detected and analysed statistically. Due to the computational demands of simulating microlensing at large magnification factors, it is important to develop fast and accurate analytical approximations for the probability of magnification in such extreme scenarios. In this study, we consider different macro-model magnification and microlensing surface mass density scenarios and study how the probability of extreme magnification factors depends on these factors. To achieve this, we created state-of-the-art large simulations of the microlensing effect in these scenarios. Through the analysis of these simulations, we derived analytical scaling relationships that can bypass the need for expensive numerical simulations. Our results are useful to interpret current observations of stars at cosmic distances which are extremely magnified and under the influence of microlenses.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. The recently proposed aether scalar tensor (AeST) model reproduces both the successes of particle dark matter on cosmological scales and those of modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) on galactic scales. But the AeST model reproduces MOND only up to a certain maximum galactocentric radius. Since MOND is known to fit very well to observations at these scales, this raises the question of whether the AeST model comes into tension with data.Aims. We tested whether or not the AeST model is in conflict with observations using a recent analysis of data for weak gravitational lensing.Methods. We solved the equations of motion of the AeST model, analyzed the solutions' behavior, and compared the results to observational data.Results. The AeST model shows some deviations from MOND at the radii probed by weak gravitational lensing. The data show no clear indication of these predicted deviations.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Gravitational lensing by galaxy clusters involves hundreds of galaxies over a large redshift range and increases the likelihood of rare phenomena (supernovae, microlensing, dark substructures, etc.). Characterizing the mass and light distributions of foreground and background objects often requires a combination of high-resolution data and advanced modeling techniques. We present the detailed analysis of El Anzuelo, a prominent quintuply imaged dusty star-forming galaxy (Z(s) = 2.29), mainly lensed by three members of the massive galaxy cluster ACT-CL J0102-4915, also known as El Gordo (z(d) = 0.87). We leverage JWST/NIRCam images, which contain lensing features that were unseen in previous HST images, using a Bayesian, multi-wavelength, differentiable and GPU-accelerated modeling framework that combines HERCULENS (lens modeling) and NIFTY (field model and inference) software packages. For one of the deflectors, we complement lensing constraints with stellar kinematics measured from VLT/MUSE data. In our lens model, we explicitly include the mass distribution of the cluster, locally corrected by a constant shear field. We find that the two main deflectors (L1 and L2) have logarithmic mass density slopes steeper than isothermal, with gamma(L1) = 2.23 +/- 0.05 and gamma(L2) = 2.21 +/- 0.04. We argue that such steep density profiles can arise due to tidally truncated mass distributions, which we probe thanks to the cluster lensing boost and the strong asymmetry of the lensing configuration. Moreover, our three-dimensional source model captures most of the surface brightness of the lensed galaxy, revealing a clump with a maximum diameter of 400 parsecs at the source redshift, visible at wavelengths lambda(rest) greater than or similar to 0.6 mu m. Finally, we caution on using point-like features within extended arcs to constrain galaxy-scale lens models before securing them with extended arc modeling.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): In this Letter, we present a new idea of probing the distribution of dark matter exhibiting elastic and velocity-independent self-interactions. These interactions might be revealed in multiple measurements of strongly lensed gravitational waves, which can be observationally explored to determine the strength of self-scatterings. Specifically, each individual galactic-scale strong-lensing system whose source is a coalescing compact binary emitting gravitational waves will provide a model-independent measurement of the shear viscosity of dark matter along the line of sight. These individual measurements could be a probe of large-scale distribution of dark matter and its properties. Our results indicate that with 10-1000 strongly lensed gravitational waves from ET and DECIGO, robust constraints on the large-scale distribution of self-interacting dark matter might be produced. More stringent limits on the dark matter scattering cross-section per unit mass (sigma(chi)/m(chi)) relevant to galaxy and cluster scales are also expected, compared with the conservative estimates obtained in the electromagnetic domain. Finally, we discuss the effectiveness of our method in the context of self-interacting dark matter particle physics.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Strong gravitational lensing is a powerful tool to provide constraints on galaxy mass distributions and cosmological parameters, such as the Hubble constant, H0. Nevertheless, inference of such parameters from images of lensing systems is not trivial as parameter degeneracies can limit the precision in the measured lens mass and cosmological results. External information on the mass of the lens, in the form of kinematic measurements, is needed to ensure a precise and unbiased inference. Traditionally, such kinematic information has been included in the inference after the image modeling, using spherical Jeans approximations to match the measured velocity dispersion integrated within an aperture. However, as spatially resolved kinematic measurements become available via IFU data, more sophisticated dynamical modeling is necessary. Such kinematic modeling is expensive, and constitutes a computational bottleneck that we aim to overcome with our Stellar Kinematics Neural Network (SKiNN). SKiNN emulates axisymmetric modeling using a neural network, quickly synthesizing from a given mass model a kinematic map that can be compared to the observations to evaluate a likelihood. With a joint lensing plus kinematic framework, this likelihood constrains the mass model at the same time as the imaging data. We show that SKiNN's emulation of a kinematic map is accurate to a considerably better precision than can be measured (better than 1% in almost all cases). Using SKiNN speeds up the likelihood evaluation by a factor of similar to 200. This speedup makes dynamical modeling economical, and enables lens modelers to make effective use of modern data quality in the JWST era.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Aims. The goal of this Letter is to develop a machine learning model to analyze the main gravitational lens and detect dark substructure (subhalos) within simulated images of strongly lensed galaxies. Methods. Using the technique of image segmentation, we turn the task of identifying subhalos into a classification problem, where we label each pixel in an image as coming from the main lens, a subhalo within a binned mass range, or neither. Our network is only trained on images with a single smooth lens and either zero or one subhalo near the Einstein ring. Results. On an independent test set with lenses with large ellipticities, quadrupole and octopole moments, and for source apparent magnitudes between 17-25, the area of the main lens is recovered accurately. On average, only 1.3% of the true area is missed and 1.2% of the true area is added to another part of the lens. In addition, subhalos as light as 10(8.5)M(circle dot) can be detected if they lie in bright pixels along the Einstein ring. Furthermore, the model is able to generalize to new contexts it has not been trained on, such as locating multiple subhalos with varying masses or more than one large smooth lens.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We present the methodology for a joint cosmological analysis of weak gravitational lensing from the fourth data release of the ESO Kilo-Degree Survey (KiDS-1000) and galaxy clustering from the partially overlapping Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) and the 2-degree Field Lensing Survey (2dFLenS). Cross-correlations between BOSS and 2dFLenS galaxy positions and source galaxy ellipticities have been incorporated into the analysis, necessitating the development of a hybrid model of non-linear scales that blends perturbative and non-perturbative approaches, and an assessment of signal contributions by astrophysical effects. All weak lensing signals were measured consistently via Fourier-space statistics that are insensitive to the survey mask and display low levels of mode mixing. The calibration of photometric redshift distributions and multiplicative gravitational shear bias has been updated, and a more complete tally of residual calibration uncertainties was propagated into the likelihood. A dedicated suite of more than 20 000 mocks was used to assess the performance of covariance models and to quantify the impact of survey geometry and spatial variations of survey depth on signals and their errors. The sampling distributions for the likelihood and the chi(2) goodness-of-fit statistic have been validated, with proposed changes for calculating the effective number of degrees of freedom. The prior volume was explicitly mapped, and a more conservative, wide top-hat prior on the key structure growth parameter S-8=sigma(8) (Omega(m)/0.3)(1/2) was introduced. The prevalent custom of reporting S-8 weak lensing constraints via point estimates derived from its marginal posterior is highlighted to be easily misinterpreted as yielding systematically low values of S-8, and an alternative estimator and associated credible interval are proposed. Known systematic effects pertaining to weak lensing modelling and inference are shown to bias S-8 by no more than 0.1 standard deviations, with the caveat that no conclusive validation data exist for models of intrinsic galaxy alignments. Compared to the previous KiDS analyses, S-8 constraints are expected to improve by 20% for weak lensing alone and by 29% for the joint analysis.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Strong gravitational lensing observations can provide extremely valuable information on the structure of galaxies, but their interpretation is made difficult by selection effects, which, if not accounted for, introduce a bias between the properties of strong lens galaxies and those of the general population. A rigorous treatment of the strong lensing bias requires, in principle, to fully forward model the lens selection process. However, doing so for existing lens surveys is prohibitively difficult. With this work we propose a practical solution to the problem: using an empirical model to capture the most complex aspects of the lens finding process, and constraining it directly from the data together with the properties of the lens population. We applied this method to real data from the SLACS sample of strong lenses. Assuming a power-law density profile, we recovered the mass distribution of the parent population of galaxies from which the SLACS lenses were drawn. We found that early-type galaxies with a stellar mass of log M-*/M-circle dot = 11.3 and average size have a median projected mass enclosed within a 5 kpc aperture of log M-5/M-circle dot = 11.332 +/- 0.013, and an average logarithmic density slope of gamma = 1.99 +/- 0.03. These values are respectively 0.02 dex and 0.1 lower than inferred when ignoring selection effects. According to our model, most of the bias is due to the prioritisation of SLACS follow-up observations based on the measured velocity dispersion. As a result, the strong lensing bias in gamma reduces to similar to 0.01 when controlling for stellar velocity dispersion.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): When strong gravitational lenses are to be used as an astrophysical or cosmological probe, models of their mass distributions are often needed. We present a new, time-efficient automation code for the uniform modeling of strongly lensed quasars with GLEE, a lens-modeling software for multiband data. By using the observed positions of the lensed quasars and the spatially extended surface brightness distribution of the host galaxy of the lensed quasar, we obtain a model of the mass distribution of the lens galaxy. We applied this uniform modeling pipeline to a sample of nine strongly lensed quasars for which images were obtained with the Wide Field Camera 3 of the Hubble Space Telescope. The models show well-reconstructed light components and a good alignment between mass and light centroids in most cases. We find that the automated modeling code significantly reduces the input time during the modeling process for the user. The time for preparing the required input files is reduced by a factor of 3 from similar to 3 h to about one hour. The active input time during the modeling process for the user is reduced by a factor of 10 from similar to 10 h to about one hour per lens system. This automated uniform modeling pipeline can efficiently produce uniform models of extensive lens-system samples that can be used for further cosmological analysis. A blind test that compared our results with those of an independent automated modeling pipeline based on the modeling software Lenstronomy revealed important lessons. Quantities such as Einstein radius, astrometry, mass flattening, and position angle are generally robustly determined. Other quantities, such as the radial slope of the mass density profile and predicted time delays, depend crucially on the quality of the data and on the accuracy with which the point spread function is reconstructed. Better data and/or a more detailed analysis are necessary to elevate our automated models to cosmography grade. Nevertheless, our pipeline enables the quick selection of lenses for follow-up and further modeling, which significantly speeds up the construction of cosmography-grade models. This important step forward will help us to take advantage of the increase in the number of lenses that is expected in the coming decade, which is an increase of several orders of magnitude.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. The number of known strong gravitational lenses is expected to grow substantially in the next few years. The combination of large samples of lenses has the potential to provide strong constraints on the inner structure of galaxies.Aims. We investigate the extent to which we can calibrate stellar mass measurements and constrain the average dark matter density profile of galaxies by combining strong lensing data from thousands of lenses.Methods. We generated mock samples of axisymmetric lenses. We assume that, for each lens, we have measurements of two image positions of a strongly lensed background source, as well as magnification information from full surface brightness modelling, and a stellar-population-synthesis-based estimate of the lens stellar mass. We then fitted models describing the distribution of the stellar population synthesis mismatch parameter alpha (sps) (the ratio between the true stellar mass and the stellar-population-synthesis-based estimate) and the dark matter density profile of the population of lenses to an ensemble of 1000 mock lenses.Results. We obtain the average alpha (sps), projected dark matter mass, and dark matter density slope with greater precision and accuracy compared with current constraints. A flexible model and knowledge of the lens detection efficiency as a function of image configuration are required in order to avoid a biased inference.Conclusions. Statistical strong lensing inferences from upcoming surveys provide a way to calibrate stellar mass measurements and to constrain the inner dark matter density profile of massive galaxies.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We present our lens mass model of SMACS J0723.3-7327, the first strong gravitational lens observed by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). We use data from the Hubble Space Telescope and the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) to build our 'pre-JWST' lens model and then refine it with newly available JWST near-infrared imaging in our JWST model. To reproduce the positions of all multiple lensed images with good accuracy, the adopted mass parameterisation consists of one cluster-scale component, accounting mainly for the dark matter distribution, the galaxy cluster members, and an external shear component. The pre-JWST model has, as constraints, 19 multiple images from six background sources, of which four have secure spectroscopic redshift measurements from this work. The JWST model has more than twice the number of constraints: 30 additional multiple images from another 11 lensed sources. Both models can reproduce the multiple image positions very well, with a delta(rms) of 0 ''.39 and 0 ''.51 for the pre-JWST and JWST models, respectively. The total mass estimates within a radius of 128 kpc (roughly the Einstein radius) are 7.9(-0.2)(+0,3) x 10(13) M-circle dot and 8.7(-0.2)(+0.2) x 10(13) M-circle dot for the pre-JWST and JWST models, respectively. We predict with our mass models the redshifts of the newly detected JWST sources, which is crucial information, especially for systems without spectroscopic measurements, for further studies and follow-up observations. Interestingly, one family detected with JWST is found to be at a very high redshift, z > 7.5 (68% confidence level), and with one image that has a lensing magnification of vertical bar mu vertical bar = 9.5(-0.8)(+0.9), making it an interesting case for future studies. The lens models, including magnification maps and redshifts estimated from the model, are made publicly available, along with the full spectroscopic redshift catalogue from MUSE.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We present a search for galaxy-scale strong gravitational lenses in the initial 2500 square degrees of the Canada-France Imaging Survey (CFIS). We designed a convolutional neural network (CNN) committee that we applied to a selection of 2 344 002 r-band images of color-selected luminous red galaxies. Our classification uses a realistic training set where the lensing galaxies and the lensed sources are both taken from real data, namely the CFIS r-band images themselves and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). A total of 9460 candidates obtain a score above 0.5 with the CNN committee. After a visual inspection of the candidates, we find a total of 133 lens candidates, of which 104 are completely new. The set of false positives mainly contains ring, spiral, and merger galaxies, and to a lesser extent galaxies with nearby companions. We classify 32 of the lens candidates as secure lenses and 101 as maybe lenses. For the 32 highest quality lenses, we also fit a singular isothermal ellipsoid mass profile with external shear along with an elliptical Sersic profile for the lens and source light. This automated modeling step provides distributions of properties for both sources and lenses that have Einstein radii in the range 0.5 '' < theta(E) < 2.5 ''. Finally, we introduce a new lens and/or source single-band deblending algorithm based on auto-encoder representation of our candidates. This is the first time an end-to-end lens-finding and modeling pipeline is assembled together, in view of future lens searches in a single band, as will be possible with Euclid.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Aims. We conducted a systematic investigation of the microlensing data collected during the previous observation seasons for the purpose of re-analyzing anomalous lensing events with no suggested plausible models.Methods. We found that two anomalous lensing events, OGLE-2018-BLG-0584 and KMT-2018-BLG-2119, cannot be explained with the usual models based on either a binary-lens single-source (2L1S) or a single-lens binary-source (1L2S) interpretation. We tested the feasibility of explaining the light curves of the events with more sophisticated models by adding either an extra lens (3L1S model) or a source (2L2S model) component to the 2L1S lens system configuration.Results. We find that a 2L2S interpretation explains the light curves of both events well and that for each event there are a pair of solutions resulting from the close and wide degeneracy. For the event OGLE-2018-BLG-0584, the source is a binary composed of two K-type stars and the lens is a binary composed of two M dwarfs. For KMT-2018-BLG-2119, the source is a binary composed of two dwarfs of G and K spectral types and the lens is a binary composed of a low-mass M dwarf and a brown dwarf.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We present weak lensing shear catalogues from the fourth data release of the Kilo-Degree Survey, KiDS-1000, spanning 1006 square degrees of deep and high-resolution imaging. Our 'gold-sample' of galaxies, with well-calibrated photometric redshift distributions, consists of 21 million galaxies with an effective number density of 6.17 galaxies per square arcminute. We quantify the accuracy of the spatial, temporal, and flux-dependent point-spread function (PSF) model, verifying that the model meets our requirements to induce less than a 0.1 sigma change in the inferred cosmic shear constraints on the clustering cosmological parameterS-8 = sigma (8) root Omega (m)/0.3.S 8=sigma 8Omega m/ 0.3. Through a series of two-point null-tests, we validate the shear estimates, finding no evidence for significant non-lensing B-mode distortions in the data. The PSF residuals are detected in the highest-redshift bins, originating from object selection and/or weight bias. The amplitude is, however, shown to be sufficiently low and within our stringent requirements. With a shear-ratio null-test, we verify the expected redshift scaling of the galaxy-galaxy lensing signal around luminous red galaxies. We conclude that the joint KiDS-1000 shear and photometric redshift calibration is sufficiently robust for combined-probe gravitational lensing and spectroscopic clustering analyses.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. The upcoming large-scale surveys, such as the Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time, are expected to find approximately 10(5) strong gravitational lenses by analysing data many orders of magnitude larger than those in contemporary astronomical surveys. In this case, non-automated techniques will be highly challenging and time-consuming, if they are possible at all. Aims. We propose a new automated architecture based on the principle of self-attention to find strong gravitational lenses. The advantages of self-attention-based encoder models over convolution neural networks (CNNs) are investigated, and ways to optimise the outcome of encoder models are analysed. Methods. We constructed and trained 21 self-attention-based encoder models and five CNNs to identify gravitational lenses from the Bologna Lens Challenge. Each model was trained separately using 18000 simulated images, cross-validated using 2000 images, and then applied to a test set with 100 000 images. We used four different metrics for evaluation: classification accuracy, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve, and TPR0 and TPR10 scores (two metrics of evaluation for the Bologna challenge). The performance of self-attention-based encoder models and CNNs participating in the challenge are compared. Results. The encoder models performed better than the CNNs. They were able to surpass the CNN models that participated in the Bologna Lens Challenge by a high margin for the TPR0 and TPR10. In terms of the AUROC, the encoder models with 3 x 10(6) parameters had equivalent scores to the top CNN model, which had around 23 x 10(6) parameters. Conclusions. Self-attention-based models have clear advantages compared to simpler CNNs. They perform competitively in comparison to the currently used residual neural networks. Self-attention-based models can identify lensing candidates with a high confidence level and will be able to filter out potential candidates from real data. Moreover, introducing the encoder layers can also tackle the overfitting problem present in the CNNs by acting as effective filters.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Strongly lensed systems with peculiar configurations allow us to probe the local properties of the deflecting lens mass while simultaneously testing general profile assumptions. The quasar HE0230 2130 is lensed by two galaxies at similar redshifts ( Delta z similar to 0:003) into four observed images. Using modeled quasar positions from fitting the brightness of the quasar images in ground-based imaging data from the Magellan telescope, we find that lens-mass models where each of these two galaxies is parametrized with a singular power-law (PL) profile predict five quasar images. One of the predicted images is unobserved despite it being distinctively offset from the lensing galaxies and likely bright enough to be observable. This missing image gives rise to new opportunities to study the mass distribution of these galaxies. To interpret the quad configuration of the system, we tested 12 different profile assumptions with the aim of obtaining lens-mass models that correctly predict only four observed images. We tested the effects of adopting: cored profiles for the lensing galaxies; external shear; and additional profiles to represent a dark matter clump. We find that half of our model classes can produce the correct image multiplicity. By comparing the Bayesian evidence of different model parametrizations, we favor two model classes: (i) one that incorporates two singular PL profiles for the lensing galaxies and a cored isothermal sphere in the region of the previously predicted fifth image (rNIS profile), and (ii) one with a bigger lensing galaxy parametrized by a singular PL profile and the smaller galaxy by a cored PL profile with external shear. We estimated the mass of the rNIS clump for each candidate model of our final Markov chain Monte Carlo sample, and find that only 2% are in the range of 10(6) M-circle dot <= M-rNIS <= 10(9) M-circle dot, which is the predicted mass range of dark matter subhalos in cold dark matter simulations, or the mass of dark-matter-dominated and low-surface-brightness galaxies. We therefore favor the models with a cored mass distribution for the lens galaxy close to the predicted fifth image. Our study further demonstrates that lensed quasar images are sensitive to the dark matter structure in the gravitational lens. We are able to describe this exotic lensing configuration with relatively simple models, which demonstrates the power of strong lensing for studying galaxies and lens substructure.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. Gravitational microlensing is a method that is used to discover planet-hosting systems at distances of several kiloparsec in the Galactic disk and bulge. We present the analysis of a microlensing event reported by the Gaia photometric alert team that might have a bright lens. Aims. In order to infer the mass and distance to the lensing system, the parallax measurement at the position of Gaia21blx was used. In this particular case, the source and the lens have comparable magnitudes and we cannot attribute the parallax measured by Gaia to the lens or source alone. Methods. Since the blending flux is important, we assumed that the Gaia parallax is the flux-weighted average of the parallaxes of the lens and source. Combining this assumption with the information from the microlensing models and the finite source effects we were able to resolve all degeneracies and thus obtained the mass, distance, luminosities and projected kinematics of the binary lens and the source. Results. According to the best model, the lens is a binary system at 2.18 +/- 0.07 kpc from Earth. It is composed of a G star with 0.95 +/- 0.17 M-circle dot and a K star with 0.53 +/- 0.07 M-circle dot. The source is likely to be an F subgiant star at 2.38 +/- 1.71 kpc with a mass of 1.10 +/- 0.18 M-circle dot. Both lenses and the source follow the kinematics of the thin-disk population. We also discuss alternative models, that are disfavored by the data or by prior expectations, however.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The large-scale mass distributions of galaxy-scale strong lenses have long been assumed to be well described by a singular ellipsoidal power-law density profile with external shear. However, the inflexibility of this model could lead to systematic errors in astrophysical parameters inferred with gravitational lensing observables. Here, we present observations with the Atacama Large (sub-)Millimetre Array (ALMA) of three strongly lensed dusty star-forming galaxies at similar or equal to 30 mas angular resolution and investigate the sensitivity of these data to angular structure in the lensing galaxies. We jointly infer the lensing mass distribution and the full surface brightness of the lensed sources with multipole expansions of the power-law density profile up to the fourth order using a technique developed for interferometric data. All three datasets strongly favour third and fourth-order multipole amplitudes of approximate to 1 percent of the convergence. While the infrared stellar isophotes and isodensity shapes agree for one lens system, for the other two the isophotes disagree to varying extents, suggesting contributions to the angular structure from dark matter intrinsic or extrinsic to the lensing galaxy.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We present Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) telescope observations of the radio-loud gravitational lens systems MG 0751+2716 and CLASS B1600+434. These observations produce images at 300 milliarcseconds (mas) resolution at 150 MHz. In the case of MG 0751+2716, lens modelling is used to derive a size estimate of around 2 kpc for the low-frequency source, which is consistent with a previous 27.4 GHz study in the radio continuum with Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array. This consistency implies that the low-frequency radio source is cospatial with the core-jet structure that forms the radio structure at higher frequencies, and no significant lobe emission or further components associated with star formation are detected within the magnified region of the lens. CLASS B1600+434 is a two-image lens where one of the images passes through the edge-on spiral lensing galaxy, and the low radio frequency allows us to derive limits on propagation effects, namely scattering, in the lensing galaxy. The observed flux density ratio of the two lensed images is 1.19 +/- 0.04 at an observed frequency of 150 MHz. The widths of the two images give an upper limit of 0.035 kpc m(-20/3) on the integrated scattering column through the galaxy at a distance approximately 1 kpc above its plane, under the assumption that image A is not affected by scattering. This is relatively small compared to limits derived through very long baseline interferometry studies of differential scattering in lens systems. These observations demonstrate that LOFAR is an excellent instrument for studying gravitational lenses. We also report on the inability to calibrate three further lens observations: two from early observations that have less well determined station calibration, and a third observation impacted by phase transfer problems.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. The timescale of a microlensing event scales as a square root of a lens mass. Therefore, long-lasting events are important candidates for massive lenses, including black holes.Aims. Here, we present the analysis of the Gaia18cbf microlensing event reported by the Gaia Science Alerts system. It exhibited a long timescale and features that are common for the annual microlensing parallax effect. We deduce the parameters of the lens based on the derived best fitting model.Methods. We used photometric data collected by the Gaia satellite as well as the follow-up data gathered by the ground-based observatories. We investigated the range of microlensing models and used them to derive the most probable mass and distance to the lens using a Galactic model as a prior. Using a known mass-brightness relation, we determined how likely it is that the lens is a main-sequence (MS) star.Results. This event is one of the longest ever detected, with the Einstein timescale of t(E) = 491.41(-84.94)(+128.31) days for the best solution and t(E) = 453.74(-105.74)(+178.69) days for the second best. Assuming Galaxy priors, this translates to the most probable lens masses of M-L = 2.65(-1.48)(+5.09) M-circle dot and M-L = 1.71(-1.06)(+3.78) M-circle dot, respectively. The limits on the blended light suggest that this event was most likely not caused by a MS star, but rather by a dark remnant of stellar evolution.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. General relativistic effects on the clustering of matter in the Universe provide a sensitive probe of cosmology and gravity theories that can be tested with the upcoming generation of galaxy surveys. These will require the availability of accurate model predictions, from large linear scales to small non-linear ones. Aims. Here, we present a suite of large-volume high-resolution N-body simulations specifically designed to generate light-cone data for the study of relativistic effects on lensing-matter observables without the use of simplifying approximations. As a case study application of these data, we perform an analysis of the relativistic contributions to the lensing-matter power spectra and cross-power spectra. Methods. The RayGalGroupSims suite (RAYGAL for short) consists of two N-body simulations of (2625 & x2006;h(-1)& x2006;Mpc)(3) volume with 4096(3) particles of a standard flat ?CDM model and a non-standard wCDM phantom dark energy model with a constant equation of state. Light-cone data from the simulations have been generated using a parallel ray-tracing algorithm that has integrated more than 1 billion geodesic equations without the use of the flat-sky or Born approximation. Results. Catalogues and maps with relativistic weak lensing that include post-Born effects, magnification bias (MB), and redshift-space distortions (RSDs) due to gravitational redshift, Doppler, transverse Doppler, and integrated Sachs-Wolfe-Rees-Sciama effects are publicly released. Using this dataset, we are able to reproduce the linear and quasi-linear predictions from the CLASS relativistic code for the ten power spectra and cross-spectra (3 x 2 points) of the matter-density fluctuation field and the gravitational convergence at z & x2004;=& x2004;0.7 and z & x2004;=& x2004;1.8. We find a 1-30% level contribution from both MB and RSDs to the matter power spectrum, while the fingers-of-God effect is visible at lower redshift in the non-linear regime. Magnification bias also contributes at the 10-30% level to the convergence power spectrum, leading to a deviation between the shear power spectrum and the convergence power spectrum. Magnification bias also plays a significant role in the galaxy-galaxy lensing by decreasing the density-convergence spectra by 20% and coupling non-trivial configurations (such as the configuration with the convergence at the same redshift as the density, or at even lower redshifts). Conclusions. The cosmological analysis shows that the relativistic 3 x 2 points approach is a powerful cosmological probe. Our unified approach to relativistic effects is an ideal framework for the investigation of gravitational effects in galaxy studies (e.g., clustering and weak lensing) as well as their effects in galaxy cluster, group, and void studies (e.g., gravitational redshifts and weak lensing) and cosmic microwave background studies (e.g., integrated Sachs-Wolfe-Rees-Sciama and weak lensing).. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Context. Time-delay cosmography is a technique for measuring H-0 with strong gravitational lensing. It requires a correction for line-of-sight perturbations, and thus it is necessary to build tools to assess populations of these lines of sight efficiently.Aims. We demonstrate the techniques necessary to analyze line-of-sight effects at a population level, and investigate whether strong lenses fall in preferably overdense environments.Methods. We analyzed a set of 25 galaxy-galaxy lens lines of sight in the Strong Lensing Legacy Survey sample using standard techniques, then performed a hierarchical analysis to constrain the population-level parameters. We introduce a new statistical model for these posteriors that may provide insight into the underlying physics of the system.Reults. We find the median value of kappa(ext) in the population model to be 0.033 +/- 0.010. The median value of kappa(ext) for the individual lens posteriors is 0.008 +/- 0.015. Both approaches demostrate that our systems are drawn from an overdense sample. The different results from these two approaches show the importance of population models that do not multiply the effect of our priors.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Galaxy-scale gravitational lenses are often modeled with two-component mass profiles where one component represents the stellar mass and the second is a Navarro Frenk White (NFW) profile representing the dark matter. Outside of the spherical case, the NFW profile is costly to implement, and so it is approximated via two different methods; ellipticity can be introduced via the lensing potential (NFWp) or via the mass by approximating the NFW profile as a sum of analytical profiles (NFWm). While the NFWp method has been the default for lensing applications, it gives a different prescription of the azimuthal structure, which we show introduces ubiquitous gradients in ellipticity and boxiness in the mass distribution rather than having a constant elliptical shape. Because an unmodeled azimuthal structure has been shown to be able to bias lens model results, we explored the degree to which this azimuthal structure that was introduced can affect the model accuracy. We constructed input profiles using composite models using both the NFWp and NFWm methods and fit these mocks with a power-law elliptical mass distribution (PEMD) model with external shear. As a measure of the accuracy of the recovered lensing potential, we calculated the value of the Hubble parameter H-0 one would determine from the lensing fit. We found that the fits to the NFWp input return H-0 values that are systematically biased by about 3% lower than the NFWm counterparts. We explored whether such an effect is attributable to the mass sheet transformation (MST) by using an MST-independent quantity, xi(2). We show that, as expected, the NFWm mocks are degenerate with PEMD through an MST. For the NFWp, an additional bias was found beyond the MST due to the azimuthal structure exterior to the Einstein radius. We recommend modelers use an NFWm prescription in the future, such that the azimuthal structure can be introduced explicitly rather than implicitly.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We present Gravity.jl, a new proprietary software for the modeling of gravitational lens systems. Gravity.jl is written in the Julia programming language, and is designed to be fast, accurate, and flexible. It can be used to model gravitational lens systems composed of multiple lensing planes, and to perform Bayesian inference on the lens model parameters. In this paper we present the theoretical and statistical ideas behind the code, and we describe its main features. In this first paper of the series, we focus on the modeling of point-like and small extended sources, for which we can linearize the lens equation. We show a practical use of Gravity.jl on a galaxy-scale lens, and we compare the results with those obtained with other codes. We also show how Gravity.jl can be used to perform Bayesian inference on cosmological parameters.; Example output: [['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'gravitational lens systems with multiple lensing planes'],['Gravity.jl', 'performs', 'Bayesian inference on lens model parameters'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'point-like sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'models', 'small extended sources'],['Gravity.jl', 'linearizes', 'lens equation'],['Gravity.jl', 'applied_to', 'galaxy-scale lens'],['Gravity.jl', 'compared_with', 'other gravitational lens modeling codes'],\n['Gravity.jl', 'infers', 'cosmological parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Challenges inherent to high-resolution and high signal-to-noise data as well as model degeneracies can cause systematic biases in analyses of strong lens systems. In the past decade, the number of lens modeling methods has significantly increased, from purely analytical methods, to pixelated and non-parametric ones, or ones based on deep learning. We embraced this diversity by selecting different software packages and use them to blindly model independently simulated Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging data. To overcome the difficulties arising from using different codes and conventions, we used the COde-independent Organized LEns STandard (COOLEST) to store, compare, and release all models in a self-consistent and human-readable manner. From an ensemble of six modeling methods, we studied the recovery of the lens potential parameters and properties of the reconstructed source. In particular, we simulated and inferred parameters of an elliptical power-law mass distribution embedded in a shear field for the lens, while each modeling method reconstructs the source differently. We find that, overall, both lens and source properties are recovered reasonably well, but systematic biases arise in all methods. Interestingly, we do not observe that a single method is significantly more accurate than others, and the amount of bias largely depends on the specific lens or source property of interest. By combining posterior distributions from individual methods using equal weights, the maximal systematic biases on lens model parameters inferred from individual models are reduced by a factor of 5.4 on average. We investigated a selection of modeling effects that partly explain the observed biases, such as the cuspy nature of the background source and the accuracy of the point spread function. This work introduces, for the first time, a generic framework to compare and ease the combination of models obtained from different codes and methods, which will be key to retain accuracy in future strong lensing analyses.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The upcoming deployment of the James Webb Space Telescope will dramatically advance our ability to characterize exoplanet atmospheres, both in terms of precision and sensitivity to smaller and cooler planets. Disequilibrium chemical processes dominate these cooler atmospheres, requiring accurate photochemical modeling of such environments. The host star's UV spectrum is a critical input to these models, but most exoplanet hosts lack UV observations. For cases in which the host UV spectrum is unavailable, a reconstructed or proxy spectrum will need to be used in its place. In this study, we use the MUSCLES catalog and UV line scaling relations to understand how well reconstructed host star spectra reproduce photochemically modeled atmospheres using real UV observations. We focus on two cases: a modern Earth-like atmosphere and an Archean Earth-like atmosphere that forms copious hydrocarbon hazes. We find that modern Earth-like environments are well-reproduced with UV reconstructions, whereas hazy (Archean Earth) atmospheres suffer from changes at the observable level. Specifically, both the stellar UV emission lines and the UV continuum significantly influence the chemical state and haze production in our modeled Archean atmospheres, resulting in observable differences in their transmission spectra. Our modeling results indicate that UV observations of individual exoplanet host stars are needed to accurately characterize and predict the transmission spectra of hazy terrestrial atmospheres. In the absence of UV data, reconstructed spectra that account for both UV emission lines and continuum are the next best option, albeit at the cost of modeling accuracy.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Transmission spectroscopy is one of the premier methods used to probe the temperature, composition, and cloud properties of exoplanet atmospheres. Recent studies have demonstrated that the multidimensional nature of exoplanet atmospheres-due to nonuniformities across the day-night transition and between the morning and evening terminators-can strongly influence transmission spectra. However, the computational demands of 3D radiative-transfer techniques have precluded their usage within atmospheric retrievals. Here we introduce TRIDENT, a new 3D radiative-transfer model which rapidly computes transmission spectra of exoplanet atmospheres with day-night, morning-evening, and vertical variations in temperature, chemical abundances, and cloud properties. We also derive a general equation for transmission spectra, accounting for 3D atmospheres, refraction, multiple scattering, ingress/egress, grazing transits, stellar heterogeneities, and nightside thermal emission. After introducing TRIDENT's linear-algebra-based approach to 3D radiative transfer, we propose new parametric prescriptions for 3D temperature and abundance profiles and 3D clouds. We show that multidimensional transmission spectra exhibit two significant observational signatures: (i) day-night composition gradients alter the relative amplitudes of absorption features; and (ii) morning-evening composition gradients distort the peak-to-wing contrast of absorption features. Finally, we demonstrate that these signatures of multidimensional atmospheres incur residuals >100 ppm compared to 1D models, rendering them potentially detectable with the James Webb Space Telescope. TRIDENT's rapid radiative transfer, coupled with parametric multidimensional atmospheres, unlocks the final barrier to 3D atmospheric retrievals.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Missions like the upcoming Roman Space Telescope and its follow-on missions, Habitable Exoplanet Observatory (HabEx) and the Large UV/Optical/IR Surveyor (LUVOIR), will provide direct imaging observations of stellar light reflected by exoplanets with successively closer orbits. The synergistic use of ground-based polarimeters like Gemini Planet Imager and Very Large Telescope/Spectro-Polarimetric High-contrast Exoplanet Research instrument (SPHERE) would allow us to characterize cloudy exoplanet atmospheres using spectropolarimetric direct imaging. We present an extension of our semianalytic 3D radiative transfer modeling framework for brown dwarfs to include stellar light reflected by exoplanets with cloudy atmospheres. Using Mie theory to compute scattering by cloud and haze consisting of spherical particles, we show that the currently widespread use of approximations like the scalar Two-Term Henyey-Greenstein or the vector Henyey-Greenstein Rayleigh (HGR) composite result in a blurring of the phase-dependent features of exoplanet lightcurves, causing a 10%-39% loss of sensitivity to atmospheric parameters in an average measurement for signal-to-noise ratios (S/Ns) between 5 and 500. The HGR approximation creates the misleading impression that clouds are as polarizing as Rayleigh scatterers, regardless of their droplet size. This not only causes significant errors in the scientific interpretation of polarimetric measurements, but also results in a negligible sensitivity of HGR simulations to polarization measurements at the S/Ns considered, whereas Mie simulations show a 10%-30% gain in parametric sensitivity through the addition of polarimetry.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The search for signs of life beyond Earth is a crucial driving motivation of exoplanet science, fueling new work on biosignature gases in habitable exoplanet atmospheres. We study carbonyls, a category of molecules containing the C=O double bond, following our proposal to systematically identify plausible biosignature gas candidates from a list of all small volatile molecules. We rule out carbonyls as biosignature gases due to both their high water solubility and their high photolysis rate, despite their ubiquitous production by life on Earth, their critical importance in Earth's life biochemistry, and their uniquely identifiable molecular spectral features in mid- to low-resolution spectroscopy. Even in scenarios where life is a large net source of carbonyls, we demonstrate that detection of carbonyls is not possible on even the most ideal habitable exoplanet, because only 10 ppb of carbonyls can accumulate under our most optimistic assumptions. Moreover, high biological fluxes of organic carbon gases, while mathematically possible, are likely biologically unattainable due to the resulting huge waste of carbon-a main building block for life. Our simulations show that photochemical processing of carbonyls leads to generation of CO in quantities that can reengineer the atmosphere, affirming the ambiguity of CO as an antibiosignature. Overall, we find that the expression of a carbonyl-producing biosphere by CO, though potentially detectable by the James Webb Space Telescope, is unable to be uniquely traced back to carbonyls. While carbonyls fail as a bioindicator, by investigating them we have made a significant step toward systematically assessing the biosignature gas potential of all small volatile molecules.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Due to the detection of phosphine (PH3) in the solar system gas giants Jupiter and Saturn, PH3 has long been suggested to be detectable in exosolar substellar atmospheres too. However, to date, direct detection of phosphine has proven to be elusive in exoplanet atmosphere surveys. We construct an updated phosphorus-hydrogen-oxygen (PHO) photochemical network suitable for the simulation of gas giant hydrogen-dominated atmospheres. Using this network, we examine PHO photochemistry in hot Jupiter and warm Neptune exoplanet atmospheres at solar and enriched metallicities. Our results show for HD 189733b-like hot Jupiters that HOPO, PO, and P2 are typically the dominant P carriers at pressures important for transit and emission spectra, rather than PH3. For GJ1214b-like warm Neptune atmospheres our results suggest that at solar metallicity PH3 is dominant in the absence of photochemistry, but is generally not in high abundance for all other chemical environments. At 10 and 100 times solar, small oxygenated phosphorus molecules such as HOPO and PO dominate for both thermochemical and photochemical simulations. The network is able to reproduce well the observed PH3 abundances on Jupiter and Saturn. Despite progress in improving the accuracy of the PHO network, large portions of the reaction rate data remain with approximate, uncertain, or missing values, which could change the conclusions of the current study significantly. Improving understanding of the kinetics of phosphorus-bearing chemical reactions will be a key undertaking for astronomers aiming to detect phosphine and other phosphorus species in both rocky and gaseous exoplanetary atmospheres in the near future.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The physical characteristics and atmospheric chemical composition of newly discovered exoplanets are often inferred from their transit spectra, which are obtained from complex numerical models of radiative transfer. Alternatively, simple analytical expressions provide insightful physical intuition into the relevant atmospheric processes. The deep-learning revolution has opened the door for deriving such analytical results directly with a computer algorithm fitting to the data. As a proof of concept, we successfully demonstrate the use of symbolic regression on synthetic data for the transit radii of generic hot-Jupiter exoplanets to derive a corresponding analytical formula. As a preprocessing step, we use dimensional analysis to identify the relevant dimensionless combinations of variables and reduce the number of independent inputs, which improves the performance of the symbolic regression. The dimensional analysis also allowed us to mathematically derive and properly parameterize the most general family of degeneracies among the input atmospheric parameters that affect the characterization of an exoplanet atmosphere through transit spectroscopy.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): In this paper, we present YunMa, an exoplanet cloud simulation and retrieval package, which enables the study of cloud microphysics and radiative properties in exoplanetary atmospheres. YunMa simulates the vertical distribution and sizes of cloud particles and their corresponding scattering signature in transit spectra. We validated YunMa against results from the literature. When coupled to the TauREx 3 platform, an open Bayesian framework for spectral retrievals, YunMa enables the retrieval of the cloud properties and parameters from transit spectra of exoplanets. The sedimentation efficiency (f sed), which controls the cloud microphysics, is set as a free parameter in retrievals. We assess the retrieval performances of YunMa through 28 instances of a K2-18 b-like atmosphere with different fractions of H2/He and N2, and assuming water clouds. Our results show a substantial improvement in retrieval performances when using YunMa instead of a simple opaque cloud model and highlight the need to include cloud radiative transfer and microphysics to interpret the next-generation data for exoplanet atmospheres. This work also inspires instrumental development for future flagships by demonstrating retrieval performances with different data quality.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We introduce a new Python 1D chemical kinetic code, Full and Reduced Exoplanet Chemical Kinetics distiLLed (FRECKLL), to evolve large chemical networks efficiently. FRECKLL employs distillation in computing the reaction rates, which minimizes the error bounds to the minimum allowed by double precision values (& varepsilon; <= 10(-15)). Compared to summation of rates with traditional algorithms like pairwise summation, distillation provides a tenfold reduction in solver time for both full and reduced networks. Both the full and reduced Venot2020 networks are packaged in FRECKLL as well as a TauREx 3.1 plug-in for usage in forward modeling and retrievals of exoplanet atmospheres. We present TauREx retrievals performed on a simulated HD 189733b JWST spectra using the full and reduced Venot2020 chemical networks and demonstrate the viability of total disequilibrium chemistry retrievals and the ability for JWST to detect disequilibrium processes.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): After nearly three decades of discovery, many exoplanetary systems have been studied and characterized in detail with one important exception: exoplanet magnetism. Although many surveys sought to detect magnetospheric radio emissions from exoplanets to directly measure their magnetic field strengths, they have yet to reveal an unambiguous detection. However, the indirect detection of exoplanet magnetic fields by measuring their influence on their host stars via magnetic star-planet interactions has recently gained prominence as an alternative method of discovery. This third paper of the Radio Observations of Magnetized Exoplanets series presents the results of a targeted radio survey of eight nearby exoplanet-hosting systems that may engage in star-planet interactions. This survey, conducted with the Arecibo radio telescope at & SIM;5 GHz, has the greatest frequency coverage of any to date while providing millijansky-level sensitivity over <1 s integration times. No exoplanet-induced stellar radio bursts were detected. The orbital phase coverage of candidate systems for magnetic star-planet interactions is described, and the survey results are examined within the context of the plasma flow-obstacle paradigm and searches for star-planet interactions at other wavelengths.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The discovery of a planet orbiting around Proxima Centauri, the closest star to the Sun, opens new avenues for the remote observations of the atmosphere and surface of an exoplanet, Proxima b. To date, three-dimensional (3D) general circulation models (GCMs) are the best available tools to investigate the properties of the exo-atmospheres, waiting for the next generation of space- and ground-based telescopes. In this work, we use the Planet Simulator (PlaSim), an intermediate-complexity, flexible and fast 3D GCM, suited to handle all the orbital and physical parameters of a planet and to study the dynamics of its atmosphere. Assuming an Earth-like atmosphere and a 1:1 spin/orbit configuration (tidal locking), our simulations of Proxima b are consistent with a dayside open ocean planet with a superrotating atmosphere. Moreover, because of the limited representation of the radiative transfer in PlaSim, we compute the spectrum of the exoplanet with an offline radiative transfer code with a spectral resolution of 1 nm. This spectrum is used to derive the thermal phase curves for different orbital inclination angles. In combination with instrumental detection sensitivities, the different thermal phase curves are used to evaluate observation conditions at ground level (e.g., ELT) or in space (e.g., James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)). We estimated the exposure time to detect the Proxima b (assuming an Earth-like atmosphere) thermal phase curve in the far-IR with JWST with signal-to-noise ratio 1. Under the hypothesis of total noise dominated by shot noise, neglecting other possible extra contribution producing a noise floor, the exposure time is equal to 5 hr for each orbital epoch.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): TRAPPIST-1 e is a potentially habitable terrestrial exoplanet orbiting an ultracool M dwarf star and is a key target for observations with the James Webb Space Telescope. One-dimensional photochemical modeling of terrestrial planetary atmospheres has shown the importance of the incoming stellar UV flux in modulating the concentration of chemical species, such as O-3 and H2O. In addition, three-dimensional (3D) modeling has demonstrated anisotropy in chemical abundances due to transport in tidally locked exoplanet simulations. We use the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model Version 6 (WACCM6), a 3D Earth system model, to investigate how uncertainties in the incident UV flux, combined with transport, affect observational predictions for TRAPPIST-1 e (assuming an initial Earth-like atmospheric composition). We use two semiempirical stellar spectra for TRAPPIST-1 from the literature. The UV flux ratio between them can be as large as a factor of 5000 in some wavelength bins. Consequently, the photochemically produced total O-3 columns differ by a factor of 26. Spectral features of O-3 in both transmission and emission spectra vary between these simulations (e.g., differences of 20 km in the transmission spectrum effective altitude for O-3 at 0.6 mu m). This leads to potential ambiguities when interpreting observations, including overlap with scenarios that assume alternative O-2 concentrations. Hence, to achieve robust interpretations of terrestrial exoplanetary spectra, characterization of the UV spectra of their host stars is critical. In the absence of such stellar measurements, atmospheric context can still be gained from other spectral features (e.g., H2O), or by comparing direct imaging and transmission spectra in conjunction.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Exoplanets on eccentric orbits experience an incident stellar flux that can be markedly larger at periastron versus apoastron. This variation in instellation can lead to dramatic changes in atmospheric structure in regions of the atmosphere where the radiative and advective heating/cooling timescales are shorter than the orbital timescale. To explore this phenomenon, we develop a sophisticated one-dimensional (vertical) time-stepping atmospheric structure code, EGP+, capable of simulating the dynamic response of atmospheric thermal and chemical structure to time-dependent perturbations. Critically, EGP+ can efficiently simulate multiple orbits of a planet, thereby providing new opportunities for exoplanet modeling without the need for more computationally expensive models. We make the simplifying assumption of cloud-free atmospheres, and apply our model to HAT-P-2b, HD 17156b, and HD 80606b, which are known to be on higher-eccentricity orbits. We find that for those planets that have Spitzer observations, our planet-to-star ratio predictions are roughly consistent with observations. However, we are unable to reproduce the observed peak offsets from periastron passage. Finally, we discuss promising pathways forward for adding new model complexity that would enable more detailed studies of clear and cloudy eccentric planets as well as worlds orbiting active host stars.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Far-ultraviolet (FUV) emission lines from dwarf stars are important driving sources of photochemistry in planetary atmospheres. Properly interpreting spectral features of planetary atmospheres critically depends on the emission of its host star. While the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of K- and M-type stars have been extensively characterized by previous observational programs, the full X-ray to infrared SED of F-type stars has not been assembled to support atmospheric modeling. On the second flight of the Suborbital Imaging Spectrograph for Transition-region Irradiance from Nearby Exoplanet host stars (SISTINE-2) rocket-borne spectrograph, we successfully captured the FUV spectrum of Procyon A (F5 IV-V) and made the first simultaneous observation of several emission features across the FUV bandpass (1010-1270 and 1300-1565 angstrom) of any cool star. We combine flight data with stellar models and archival observations to develop the first SED of a mid-F star. We model the response of a modern Earth-like exoplanet's upper atmosphere to the heightened X-ray and extreme UV radiation within the habitable zone of Procyon A. These models indicate that this planet would not experience significant atmospheric escape. We simulate observations of the Ly alpha transit signal of this exoplanet with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO). While marginally detectable with HST, we find that H i Ly alpha transits of potentially habitable exoplanets orbiting high radial velocity F-type stars could be observed with HWO for targets up to 150 pc away.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Compositional convection is atmospheric mixing driven by density variations caused by compositional gradients. Previous studies have suggested that compositional gradients of atmospheric trace species within planetary atmospheres can impact convection and the final atmospheric temperature profile. In this work, we employ 3D convection-resolving simulations using Cloud Model 1 (CM1) to gain a fundamental understanding of how compositional variation influences convection and the final atmospheric state of exoplanet atmospheres. We perform 3D initial value problem simulations of noncondensing compositional convection for Earth-air, H2, and CO2 atmospheres. Conventionally, atmospheric convection is assumed to mix the atmosphere to a final, marginally stable state defined by a unique temperature profile. However, when there is compositional variation within an atmosphere, a continuous family of stable end states is possible, differing in the final state composition profile. Our CM1 simulations are used to determine which of the family of possible compositional end states is selected. Leveraging the results from our CM1 simulations, we develop a dry convective adjustment scheme for use in general circulation models (GCMs). This scheme relies on an energy analysis to determine the final adjusted atmospheric state. Our convection scheme produces results that agree with our CM1 simulations and can easily be implemented in GCMs to improve modeling of compositional convection in exoplanet atmospheres.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Stellar ultraviolet (UV) radiation drives photochemistry, and extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) radiation drives mass loss in exoplanet atmospheres. However, the UV flux is partly unobservable due to interstellar absorption, particularly in the EUV range (100-912 A). It is therefore necessary to reconstruct the unobservable spectra in order to characterize the radiation environment of exoplanets. In the present work, we use a radiative transfer code SSRPM to build one-dimensional semiempirical models of two M dwarf exoplanet hosts, GJ 832 and GJ 581, and synthesize their spectra. SSRPM is equipped with an extensive atomic and molecular database and full-NLTE capabilities. We use observations in the visible, ultraviolet, and X-ray ranges to constrain atmospheric structures of the modeled stars. The synthesized integrated EUV fluxes are found to be in good agreement with other reconstruction techniques, but the spectral energy distributions disagree significantly across the EUV range. More than two-thirds of the EUV flux is formed above 10(5) K. We find that the far-ultraviolet (FUV) continuum contributes 42%-54% of the entire FUV flux between 1450 and 1700 A. The comparison of stellar structures of GJ 832 and GJ 581 suggests that GJ 832 is a more magnetically active star, which is corroborated by other activity indicators.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We perform a series of time-dependent magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the HD 189733 star-planet system in order to predict radio transit modulations due to the interaction between the stellar wind and planetary magnetic field. The simulation combines a model for the stellar corona and wind with an exoplanet that is orbiting the star in a fully dynamic, time-dependent manner. Our simulations generate synthetic radio images that enable us to obtain synthetic radio light curves in different frequencies. We find a clear evidence for the planetary motion in the radio light curves. Moreover, we find specific repeated features in the light curves that are attributed to the passage of the planetary magnetosphere in front of the star during transit. More importantly, we find a clear dependence in magnitude and phase of these light-curve features on the strength of the planetary magnetic field. Our work demonstrates that if radio transits could be observed, they could indeed provide information about the magnetic field strength of the transiting exoplanet. Future work to parameterize these light-curve features and their dependence on the planetary field strength would provide tools to search for these features in radio observation data sets. As we only consider the thermal radio emission from the host star for our study, very sensitive radio interferometers are necessary to detect these kinds of planetary transits in radio.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Exoplanet atmosphere transmission spectroscopy for planets orbiting M dwarf stars faces significant challenges due to contamination from stellar magnetic features, i.e., spots and faculae. These features make the stellar surface inhomogeneous and introduce wavelength-dependent signals in the transmission spectrum that complicate its analysis. We identify and explain why using observations at infrared wavelengths greater than a few microns partially mitigates stellar contamination. At these wavelengths the intensity sensitivity to temperature weakens, with two significant consequences. First, the contribution of spots and faculae has a diminished effect because their flux contrast to the quiet-star regions lessens. Second, the star's spectral features compress in magnitude, an outcome of spectral features being shaped by the star's photospheric vertical temperature gradient. Both factors are due to the Planck function moving from exponential to linear in temperature toward mid-infrared (mid-IR) wavelengths (the Rayleigh-Jeans tail). In contrast to stellar spectra, the depth of the transmission spectroscopy features does not fundamentally vary with wavelength as it is primarily determined by the planet's atmospheric scale height. The magnitude of reduction in stellar contamination is a factor of a few to several at mid-IR versus near-IR wavelengths, but whether or not this is enough to bypass stellar contamination ultimately depends on the spot coverage area. Nonetheless, the flattening of thermal emission spectral features at IR wavelengths is universal.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Atmospheric retrievals are widely used to constrain exoplanet properties from observed spectra. We investigate how the common nonphysical retrieval assumptions of vertically constant molecule abundances and cloud-free atmospheres affect our characterization of an exo-Earth (an Earth-twin orbiting a Sun-like star). Specifically, we use a state-of-the-art retrieval framework to explore how assumptions for the H2O profile and clouds affect retrievals. In the first step, we validate different retrieval models on a low-noise simulated 1D mid-infrared (MIR) spectrum of Earth. Thereafter, we study how these assumptions affect the characterization of Earth with the Large Interferometer For Exoplanets (LIFE). We run retrievals on LIFE mock observations based on real disk-integrated MIR Earth spectra. The performance of different retrieval models is benchmarked against ground truths derived from remote sensing data. We show that assumptions for the H2O abundance and clouds directly affect our characterization. Overall, retrievals that use physically motivated models for the H2O profile and clouds perform better on the empirical Earth data. For observations of Earth with LIFE, they yield accurate estimates for the radius, pressure-temperature structure, and the abundances of CO2, H2O, and O3. Further, at R = 100, a reliable and bias-free detection of the biosignature CH4 becomes feasible. We conclude that the community must use a diverse range of models for temperate exoplanet atmospheres to build an understanding of how different retrieval assumptions can affect the interpretation of exoplanet spectra. This will enable the characterization of distant habitable worlds and the search for life with future space-based instruments.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): TRAPPIST-1e is a tidally locked rocky exoplanet orbiting the habitable zone of an M dwarf star. Upcoming observations are expected to reveal new rocky exoplanets and their atmospheres around M dwarf stars. To interpret these future observations we need to model the atmospheres of such exoplanets. We configured Community Earth System Model version 2-Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model version 6, a chemistry climate model, for the orbit and stellar irradiance of TRAPPIST-1e assuming an initial Earth-like atmospheric composition. Our aim is to characterize the possible ozone (O3) distribution and explore how this is influenced by the atmospheric circulation shaped by orography, using the Helmholtz wind decomposition and meridional mass streamfunction. The model included Earth-like orography, and the substellar point was located over the Pacific Ocean. For such a scenario, our analysis reveals a north-south asymmetry in the simulated O3 distribution. The O3 concentration is highest at pressures >10 hPa (below similar to 30 km) near the south pole. This asymmetry arises from the higher landmass fraction in the northern hemisphere, which causes drag in near-surface flows and leads to an asymmetric meridional overturning circulation. Catalytic species were roughly symmetrically distributed and were not found to be primary driver for the O3 asymmetry. The total O3 column density was higher for TRAPPIST-1e compared to Earth, with 8000 Dobson units (DUs) near the south pole and 2000 DU near the north pole. The results emphasize the sensitivity of O3 to model parameters, illustrating how incorporating Earth-like orography can affect atmospheric dynamics and O3 distribution. This link between surface features and atmospheric dynamics underlines the importance of how changing model parameters used to study exoplanet atmospheres can influence the interpretation of observations.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Relatively little is understood about the atmospheric composition of temperate to warm exoplanets (equilibrium temperature T (eq) < 1000 K), as many of them are found to have uncharacteristically flat transmission spectra. Their flattened spectra are likely due to atmospheric opacity sources such as planet-wide photochemical hazes and condensation clouds. We compile the transmission spectra of 25 warm exoplanets previously observed by the Hubble Space Telescope and quantify the haziness of each exoplanet using a normalized amplitude of the water absorption feature (A (H)). By examining the relationships between A (H) and various planetary and stellar forcing parameters, we endeavor to find correlations of haziness associated with planetary properties. We adopt new statistical correlation tests that are more suitable for the small, nonnormally distributed warm exoplanet sample. Our analysis shows that none of the parameters have a statistically significant correlation with A (H) (p <= 0.01) with the addition of new exoplanet data, including the previously identified linear trends between A (H) and T (eq) or the hydrogen-helium envelope mass fraction (f (HHe)). This suggests that haziness in warm exoplanets is not simply controlled by any single planetary/stellar parameter. Among all the parameters we investigated, planet gravity (g (p)), atmospheric scale height (H), planet density (rho (p)), orbital eccentricity (e), and age of the star (t (age)) have tentative correlations with A (H). Specifically, lower H, higher g (p), rho (p), e, or t (age) may lead to clearer atmospheres. We still need more observations and laboratory experiments to fully understand the complex physics and chemistry involved in creating hazy warm exoplanets.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We introduce APPLE, a novel planetary evolution code designed specifically for the study of giant exoplanet and Jovian planet evolution in the era of Galileo, Juno, and Cassini. With APPLE, state-of-the-art equations of state for hydrogen, helium, ice, and rock are integrated with advanced features to treat ice/rock cores and metals in the gaseous envelope; models for helium rain and hydrogen/helium immiscibility; detailed atmosphere boundary tables that also provide self-consistent albedos and spectra; and options to address envelope metal gradients and stably stratified regions. Our hope is that these purpose-built features of APPLE will help catalyze the development of the next generation of giant exoplanet and Jovian planet evolutionary models.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): As radio astronomy enters a golden age, ground-based observatories are reaching sensitivities capable of unlocking a new and exciting field of exoplanet observation. Radio observation of planetary auroral emission provides unique and complementary insight into planetary science not available via orthodox exoplanet observation techniques. Supplying the first measurements of planetary magnetic fields, rotation rates, and orbital obliquities, we gain necessary and crucial insight into our understanding of the star-planet relationships, geophysics, composition, and habitability of exoplanets. Using a stellar-wind-driven Jovian approximation, we present analytical methods for estimating magnetospheric radio emission from confirmed exoplanets. Predicted radio fluxes from cataloged exoplanets are compared against the wavelengths and sensitivities of current and future observatories. Candidate exoplanets are downselected based on the sky coverage of each ground-based observatory. Orbits of target exoplanets are modeled to account for influential orbit-dependent effects in anticipating time-varying exoplanet radio luminosity and flux. To evaluate the angular alignment of exoplanetary beamed emission relative to Earth's position, the equatorial latitude of exoplanetary auroral emission is compared against Earth's apparent latitude on the exoplanet. Predicted time-dependent measurements and recommended beamformed observations for ground-based radio arrays are provided, along with a detailed analysis of the anticipated emission behavior for tau Boo b.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The elemental and isotopic abundances of volatiles like carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen may trace a planet's formation location relative to H2O, CO2, CO, NH3, and N2 snowlines, or the distance from the star at which these volatile elements sublimate. By comparing the C/O and 12C/13C ratios measured in giant exoplanet atmospheres to complementary measurements of their host stars, we can determine whether the planet inherited stellar abundances from formation inside the volatile snowlines, or nonstellar C/O and 13C enrichment characteristic of formation beyond the snowlines. To date, there are still only a handful of exoplanet systems where we can make a direct comparison of elemental and isotopic CNO abundances between an exoplanet and its host star. Here, we present a 12C/13C abundance analysis for host star WASP-77A (whose hot Jupiter's 12C/13C abundance was recently measured). We use MARCS stellar atmosphere models and the radiative transfer code TurboSpectrum to generate synthetic stellar spectra for isotopic abundance calculations. We find a 12C/13C ratio of 51 +/- 6 for WASP-77A, which is subsolar (similar to 91) but may still indicate 13C enrichment in its companion planet WASP-77A b (12C/13C = 26 +/- 16, previously reported). Together with the inventory of carbon and oxygen abundances in both the host and companion planet, these chemical constraints point to WASP-77A b's formation beyond the H2O and CO2 snowlines and provide chemical evidence for the planet's migration to its current location similar to 0.024 au from its host star.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Transmission spectroscopy is the most widely used technique for studying exoplanet atmospheres. Since the planetary nightside faces the observer during a transit, highly irradiated giant exoplanets with warm nightsides emit thermal radiation that can contaminate transmission spectra. Observations of ultrahot Jupiters in the near- and mid-infrared with JWST are especially susceptible to nightside contamination. However, nightside thermal emission is generally not considered in atmospheric retrievals of exoplanet transmission spectra. Here, we quantify the potential biases from neglecting nightside thermal emission in multidimensional atmospheric retrievals of an ultrahot Jupiter. Using simulated JWST transmission spectra of the ultrahot Jupiter WASP-33b (0.8-12 mu m), we find that transmission spectrum retrievals without nightside emission can overestimate molecular abundances by almost an order of magnitude and underestimate the dayside temperature by greater than or similar to 400 K. We show that a modified retrieval prescription, including both transmitted light and nightside thermal emission, correctly recovers the atmospheric properties and is favored by Bayesian model comparisons. Nightside thermal contamination can be readily implemented in retrieval models via a first-order approximation, and we provide formulae to estimate whether this effect is likely to be significant for a given planet. We recommend that nightside emission should be included as standard practice when interpreting ultrahot Jupiter transmission spectra with JWST.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Assuming civilizations have similar interplanetary communications and radar capability to NASA's Deep Space Network, what is the feasibility of intercepting their communications? Interplanetary conjunctions between Earth-like exoplanets, their stars, and other planets in their systems provide one of the most unique and pragmatic opportunities for detecting technosignatures. While eavesdropping on terrestrial communications becomes limited by a planet's rotation, the beams of satellite communications and interplanetary radar transmissions are tracked, providing the most persistent and powerful opportunity for signal interception. In this study, we present a framework for assessing exoplanet habitability and establishing quantitative bounds for detecting Earth-scale technosignatures from Earth-like planets. These constraints for time, frequency, sky positions, and observatory sensitivity provide recommended observational guidelines for using state-of-the-art and future ground-based radio observatories toward technosignature detection. Applying this framework, 16 exoplanet targets are proposed for radio observation.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We present new functionality within PICASO, a state-of-the-art radiative transfer model for exoplanet and brown dwarf atmospheres, by developing a new pipeline that computes phase-resolved thermal emission (thermal phase curves) from three-dimensional (3D) models. Because PICASO is coupled to Virga, an open-source cloud code, we are able to produce cloudy phase curves with different sedimentation efficiencies (f (sed)) and cloud condensate species. We present the first application of this new algorithm to hot Jupiter WASP-43b. Previous studies of the thermal emission of WASP-43b from Kataria et al. found good agreement between cloud-free models and dayside thermal emission, but an overestimation of the nightside flux, for which clouds have been suggested as a possible explanation. We use the temperature and vertical wind structure from the cloud-free 3D general circulation models of Kataria et al. and post-process it using PICASO, assuming that clouds form and affect the spectra. We compare our models to results from Kataria et al., including Hubble Space Telescope Wide-Field Camera 3 (WFC3) observations of WASP-43b from Stevenson et al. In addition, we compute phase curves for Spitzer at 3.6 and 4.5 mu m and compare them to observations from Stevenson et al. We are able to closely recover the cloud-free results, even though PICASO utilizes a coarse spatial grid. We find that cloudy phase curves provide much better agreement with the WFC3 and Spitzer nightside data, while still closely matching the dayside emission. This work provides the community with a convenient, user-friendly tool to interpret phase-resolved observations of exoplanet atmospheres using 3D models.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The TRAPPIST-1 system is home to at least seven terrestrial planets and is a target of interest for future James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations. Additionally, these planets will be of interest to future missions making observations in the ultraviolet (UV). Although several of these planets are located in the traditional habitable zone, where liquid water could exist on the surface, TRAPPIST-1h is interesting to explore as a potentially habitable ocean world analog. In this study, we evaluate the observability of a Titan-like atmosphere on TRAPPIST-1h. The ability of the JWST or a future UV mission to detect specific species in the atmosphere at TRAPPIST-1h will depend on how far each species extends from the surface. In order to understand the conditions required for detection, we evaluate the input parameters used in one-dimensional models to simulate the structure of Titan-like atmospheres. These parameters include surface temperature and pressure, temperature profile as a function of distance from the surface, composition of the minor species relative to N-2, and the eddy diffusion coefficient. We find that JWST simulated spectra for cloud- and haze-free atmospheres are most sensitive to surface temperature, temperature gradients with altitude, and surface pressure. The importance of temperature gradients in JWST observations shows that a simple isothermal scale height is not ideal for determining temperature or atmospheric mean molecular mass in transit spectra from exoplanet atmospheres. We demonstrate that UV transmission spectra are sensitive to the upper atmosphere, where the exobase can be used to approximate the vertical extent of the atmosphere.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We develop a new method for analytical inversion of binned exoplanet transit spectra and for retrieval of planet parameters. The method has a geometrical interpretation and treats each observed spectrum as a single vector r right arrow in the multidimensional spectral space of observed bin values. We decompose the observed r right arrow into two orthogonal components: a wavelength-independent component r right arrow(?) corresponding to the spectral mean across all observed bins, and a transverse component r right arrow(&updatedExpOTTOM;) that is wavelength dependent and contains the relevant information about the atmospheric chemistry. The method allows us to extract, without any prior assumptions or additional information, the relative mass (or volume) mixing ratios of the absorbers in the atmosphere, the scale height to stellar radius ratio, H/R-S, and the atmospheric temperature. The method is illustrated and validated with several examples of increasing complexity.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In warm (equilibrium temperature <1000 K) gas giant exoplanet atmospheres, the observation of trace species in abundances deviating from thermochemical equilibrium predictions could be used as an indicator of disequilibrium chemical processes, such as photochemistry. To predict which compounds could be used as such tracers, it is therefore essential to study how photochemical processes affect their abundances. For this purpose, we investigated experimentally the efficiency of the photochemical formation of hydrocarbons in gas mixtures representative of warm gas giant atmospheres as a function of the gas temperature at millibar pressures. We find that, compared to thermal reactions alone, photochemistry efficiently promotes, under the studied conditions, the formation of hydrocarbons, with the detection of acetylene, ethane, and propane, as well as carbon monoxide. Therefore, our results confirm the importance of photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres as a disequilibrium process. Ethane is the major hydrocarbon formed in our experiments, in apparent contradiction with the prediction by thermo-photochemical models that acetylene should be the main hydrocarbon product. We also observe an evolution of the hydrocarbon production efficiency as a function of the temperature, a behavior not reproduced by a 0D thermo-photochemical model. Additional studies are necessary to definitively understand the origin of the differences between the experimental and modeling results and to infer the importance of our results for understanding hydrocarbon formation in warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres. Finally, our work demonstrates the importance of experimental studies together with modeling studies to accurately interpret, understand, and predict observations of exoplanet atmospheres.; Example output: [['warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres','exhibit','disequilibrium chemical processes'],['photochemistry','promotes','hydrocarbon formation'],['experimental studies','detect','acetylene'],['experimental studies','detect','ethane'],['experimental studies','detect','propane'],['experimental studies','detect','carbon monoxide'],['experimental results','contradict','thermo-photochemical models predictions'],['hydrocarbon production efficiency','varies_with','temperature'],['0D thermo-photochemical model','fails_to_reproduce','hydrocarbon production efficiency variation'],['experimental studies','combined_with','modeling studies'],['combined studies','aid','interpretation of exoplanet atmosphere observations']]\n\n. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The results of large-scale exoplanet transit surveys indicate that the distribution of small planet radii is likely sculpted by atmospheric loss. Several possible physical mechanisms exist for this loss of primordial atmospheres, each of which produces a different set of observational signatures. In this study, we investigate the impact-driven mode of atmosphere loss via N-body simulations. We compare the results from giant impacts, at a demographic level, to results from another commonly invoked method of atmosphere loss, photoevaporation. Applying two different loss prescriptions to the same sets of planets, we then examine the resulting distributions of planets with retained primordial atmospheres. As a result of this comparison, we identify two new pathways toward discerning the dominant atmospheric-loss mechanism at work. Both of these pathways involve using transit multiplicity as a diagnostic, in examining the results of follow-up atmospheric and radial velocity surveys.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Magnetic fields are now widely recognized as critical at many scales to galactic dynamics and structure, including multiphase pressure balance, dust processing, and star formation. Using imposed magnetic fields cannot reliably model the interstellar medium's (ISM) dynamical structure nor phase interactions. Dynamos must be modeled. ISM models exist of turbulent magnetic fields using small-scale dynamo (SSD). Others model the large-scale dynamo (LSD) organizing magnetic fields at the scale of the disk or spiral arms. Separately, neither can fully describe the galactic magnetic field dynamics nor topology. We model the LSD and SSD together at a sufficient resolution to use the low explicit Lagrangian resistivity required. The galactic SSD saturates within 20 Myr. We show that the SSD is quite insensitive to the presence of an LSD and is even stronger in the presence of a large-scale shear flow. The LSD grows more slowly in the presence of SSD, saturating after 5 Gyr versus 1-2 Gyr in studies where the SSD is weak or absent. The LSD primarily grows in warm gas in the galactic midplane. Saturation of the LSD occurs due to alpha-quenching near the midplane as the growing mean-field produces a magnetic alpha that opposes the kinetic alpha. The magnetic energy in our models of the LSD shows a slightly sublinear response to increasing resolution, indicating that we are converging toward the physical solution at 1 pc resolution. Clustering supernovae in OB associations increases the growth rates for both the SSD and the LSD, compared to a horizontally uniform supernova distribution.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): This paper presents scale-invariant/self-similar galactic magnetic dynamo models based on the classic equations and compares them qualitatively to recently observed magnetic fields in edge-on spiral galaxies. We classify the axially symmetric dynamo magnetic field by its separate sources, advected flux, and subscale turbulence. We ignore the diffusion term under plausible physical conditions. There is a time dependence determined by globally conserved quantities. We show that magnetic scale heights increase with radius and wind velocity. We suggest that active galactic nucleus (AGN) outflow is an important element of the large-scale galactic dynamo, based on the dynamo action of increasing subscale vorticity. This leads us to predict a correlation between the morphology of coherent galactic magnetic field (i.e., extended polarized flux) and the presence of an AGN.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We present the planar orbital dynamics of a realistic barred galaxy model, containing a nucleus (bulge), a triaxial bar, and a disk. After conducting a systematic and exhaustive orbit classification, we manage to determine how the dynamical parameters associated with the bar (mass, semiaxes, and angular velocity) affect the nature of the trajectories of the test particle. In our analysis, we distinguish not only between ordered, chaotic, and escaping motions but also between different types of regular orbits. More specifically, we reveal how the main types of regular orbits are influenced by the changes in the parameters of the galactic bar. Of particular interest is the phenomenon of trapped chaos that occurs in this galaxy model.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) is one of the most popular alternative theories of dark matter to explain the missing mass problem in galaxies. Although it remains controversial regarding MOND as a fundamental theory, MOND phenomenology has been shown to widely apply in different galaxies, which poses challenges to the standard Lambda cold dark matter model. In this article, we derive analytically the galactic rotation curve gradient in the MOND framework and present a rigorous analysis to examine the MOND phenomenology in our Galaxy. By assuming a benchmark baryonic disk density profile and two popular families of MOND interpolating functions, we show for the first time that the recent discovery of the declining Galactic rotation curve in the outer region (R approximate to 17-23 kpc) can almost rule out the MOND phenomenology at more than 5 sigma. This strongly supports some of the previous studies claiming that MOND is neither a fundamental theory nor a universal description of galactic properties.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): In this study we present a novel Monte Carlo code, referred to as GNC, which enables the investigation of dynamical relaxation in clusters comprising multiple mass components in the vicinity of supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies. Our method is based on two-dimensional Fokker-Planck equations in the energy and angular momentum space, and allows the evolution of multiple mass components, including stars and compact objects. The code demonstrates remarkable flexibility in incorporating additional complex dynamics. By employing a weighting method, we effectively enhance the statistical accuracy of rare particle results. In this initial publication, we present the fundamental version of our method, focusing on two-body relaxations and loss cone effects. Through comparisons with previous studies, we establish consistent outcomes in terms of relaxation processes, energy and angular momentum distributions, density profiles, and loss cone consumption rates. We consistently observe the development of tangential anisotropy within the cluster, while the outer regions tend to retain near-isotropic characteristics. GNC holds great promise for exploring a wide range of intriguing phenomena within galactic nuclei, including relativistic stellar dynamics, providing detailed and insightful outcomes.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The Fermi and eROSITA bubbles (FBs and eRBs), large diffuse structures in our Galaxy, can be the by-products of steady star formation activity. To simultaneously explain the star formation history of the Milky Way (MW) and the metallicity of similar to Z circle dot at the Galactic disk, a steady Galactic wind driven by cosmic rays (CRs) is required. For tenuous gases with a density of less than or similar to 10-3 cm-3, CR heating dominates over radiative cooling, and the gas can maintain the virial temperature of similar to 0.3 keV, ideal for escape from the Galactic system as the wind. A part of the wind falls back onto the disk like a Galactic fountain flow. We model the wind dynamics according to the Galactic evolution scenario and find that the scale height and surface brightness of the X-ray and the hadronic gamma-ray emissions from such fountain flow region can be consistent with the observed properties of the FBs and eRBs. This implies that the bubbles are persistent structures of the MW existing over (at least) the last similar to 1 Gyr rather than evanescent structures formed by nontrivial, similar to 10 Myr past Galactic center transient activities.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We argue that resonant friction has a dramatic effect on a disk whose rotation direction is misaligned with that of its host nuclear star cluster. The disk's gravity causes gravitational perturbation of the cluster that in turn exerts a strong torque back onto the disk. We argue that this torque may be responsible for the observed disruption of the clockwise disk of young stars in the Galactic center, and show in numerical experiments that it produces the observed features in the distribution of the stars' angular momenta. More generally, we speculate that the rotation of nuclear star clusters has a stabilizing effect on the orientation of transient massive accretion disks around the supermassive black holes residing in their centers, and thus on the directions and magnitudes of the black hole spins.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We investigate the role of magnetic field on the gas dynamics in a galactic bulge region by three-dimensional simulations with radiative cooling and heating. While a high-temperature corona with T > 10(6) K is formed in the halo regions, the temperature near the midplane is less than or similar to 10(4) K following the thermal equilibrium curve determined by the radiative cooling and heating. Although the thermal energy of the interstellar gas is lost by radiative cooling, the saturation level of the magnetic field strength does not significantly depend on the radiative cooling and heating. The magnetic field strength is amplified to 10 mu G on average and reaches several hundred microgauss locally. We find the formation of magnetically dominated regions at midlatitudes in the case with the radiative cooling and heating, which is not seen in the case without radiative effect. The vertical thickness of the midlatitude regions is 50-150 pc at the radial location of 0.4-0.8 kpc from the Galactic center, which is comparable to the observed vertical distribution of neutral atomic gas. When we take the average of different components of energy density integrated over the galactic bulge region, the magnetic energy is comparable to the thermal energy. We conclude that the magnetic field plays a substantial role in controlling the dynamical and thermal properties of the galactic bulge region.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The presence of young stars, aged around several million years and situated within the range of similar to 0.04-1 pc from our Galactic center raises a question about their origins and dynamical evolutions. Their kinematics provide an opportunity to explore their formation or possible subsequent dynamical evolution. If Sagittarius A* was active in the past as suggested by several observations, the accretion disk may have a significant impact on the dynamics of stars in the Galactic center. The drag force exerted on stars during star-disk interaction could lead some of them to sink into the accretion disk, and these embedded stars will rapidly migrate inward and eventually be disrupted within similar to 105 yr. This could roughly explain the absence of stars within 2.5 x 104 R g (similar to 1000 au). Additionally, Kozai-Lidov oscillations, induced by the gravitational perturbation of the disk, could contribute to the bimodal distribution of S-star inclinations and drive a majority of stars into high-eccentricity orbits.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Metallicity is a fundamental probe for understanding the baryon physics in a galaxy. Since metals are intricately associated with radiative cooling, star formation, and stellar feedback, reproducing the observed metal distribution through numerical experiments will provide a prominent way to examine our understanding of galactic baryon physics. In this study, we analyze the dependence of the galactic metal distribution on numerical schemes and quantify the differences in metal mixing among modern galaxy simulation codes (the mesh-based code Enzo and the particle-based codes Gadget-2 and Gizmo-PSPH). In particular, we examine different stellar feedback strengths and an explicit metal diffusion scheme in particle-based codes, as a way to alleviate the well-known discrepancy in metal transport between mesh-based and particle-based simulations. We demonstrate that a sufficient number of gas particles are needed in the gas halo to properly investigate the metal distribution therein. Including an explicit metal diffusion scheme does not significantly affect the metal distribution in the galactic disk but does change the amount of low-metallicity gas in a hot diffuse halo. We also find that the spatial distribution of metals depends strongly on how the stellar feedback is modeled. We demonstrate that the previously reported discrepancy in metals between mesh-based and particle-based simulations can be mitigated with our proposed prescription, enabling these simulations to be reliably utilized in the study of metals in galactic halos and the circumgalactic medium.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): An extensive exploration of the model parameter space of axisymmetric early type galaxies (ETGs) hosting a central supermassive black hole (SMBH) is conducted by means of high-resolution hydrodynamical simulations performed with our code MACER. Global properties such as (1) total SMBH accreted mass, (2) final X-ray luminosity and temperature of the X-ray emitting halos, (3) total amount of new stars formed from the cooling gas, and (4) total ejected mass in the form of supernovae and active galactic nuclei (AGN) feedback induced galactic winds, are obtained as a function of galaxy structure and internal dynamics. In addition to the galactic dark matter halo, the model galaxies are also embedded in a group/cluster dark matter halo; finally, cosmological accretion is also included, with the amount and time dependence derived from cosmological simulations. Angular momentum conservation leads to the formation of cold H i disks; these disks further evolve under the action of star formation induced by disk instabilities, of the associated mass discharge onto the central SMBH, and of the consequent AGN feedback. At the end of the simulations, the hot (metal-enriched) gas mass is roughly 10% the mass in the old stars, with twice as much having been ejected into the intergalactic medium. The cold gas disks are approximately kiloparsec in size, and the metal-rich new stars are in 0.1 kpc disks. The masses of cold gas and new stars are roughly 0.1% of the mass of the old stars. Overall, the final systems appear to reproduce quite successfully the main global properties of real ETGs.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Galactic dynamo models have generally relied on input parameters that are very challenging to constrain. We address this problem by developing a model that uses observable quantities as input: the galaxy rotation curve, the surface densities of the gas, stars and star formation rate, and the gas temperature. The model can be used to estimate parameters of the random and mean components of the magnetic field, as well as the gas scale height, root-mean-square velocity and the correlation length and time of the interstellar turbulence, in terms of the observables. We use our model to derive theoretical scaling relations for the quantities of interest, finding reasonable agreement with empirical scaling relations inferred from observation. We assess the dependence of the results on different assumptions about turbulence driving, finding that agreement with observations is improved by explicitly modeling the expansion and energetics of supernova remnants. The model is flexible enough to include alternative prescriptions for the physical processes involved, and we provide links to two open-source python programs that implement it.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We propose a novel scenario for possible electromagnetic (EM) emission by compact binary mergers in the accretion disks of active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Nuclear star clusters in AGNs are a plausible formation site of compact-stellar binaries (CSBs) whose coalescences can be detected through gravitational waves (GWs). We investigate the accretion onto and outflows from CSBs embedded in AGN disks. We show that these outflows are likely to create outflow cavities in the AGN disks before the binaries merge, which makes EM or neutrino counterparts much less common than would otherwise be expected. We discuss the necessary conditions for detectable EM counterparts to mergers inside the outflow cavities. If the merger remnant black hole experiences a high recoil velocity and can enter the AGN disk, it can accrete gas with a super-Eddington rate, newly forming a cavity-like structure. This bubble can break out of the disk within a day to a week after the merger. Such breakout emission can be bright enough to be detectable by current soft X-ray instruments, such as Swift-XRT and Chandra.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): There is now abundant observational evidence that star formation is a highly dynamical process that connects filament hierarchies and supernova feedback from galaxy-scale kiloparsec filaments and superbubbles to giant molecular clouds (GMCs) on 100 pc scales and star clusters (1 pc). Here we present galactic multiscale MHD simulations that track the formation of structure from galactic down to subparsec scales in a magnetized, Milky Way-like galaxy undergoing supernova-driven feedback processes. We do this by adopting a novel zoom-in technique that follows the evolution of typical 3 kpc subregions without cutting out the surrounding galactic environment, allowing us to reach 0.28 pc resolution in the individual zoom-in regions. We find a wide range of morphologies and hierarchical structures, including superbubbles, turbulence, and kiloparsec atomic gas filaments hosting multiple GMC condensations that are often associated with superbubble compression, down to smaller-scale filamentary GMCs and star cluster regions within them. Gas accretion and compression ultimately drive filaments over a critical, scale-dependent line mass leading to gravitational instabilities that produce GMCs and clusters. In quieter regions, galactic shear can produce filamentary GMCs within flattened, rotating disklike structures on 100 pc scales. Strikingly, our simulations demonstrate the formation of helical magnetic fields associated with the formation of these disklike structures.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Using subparsec-scale-resolution radiation+hydrodynamical adaptive mesh refinement simulations deployed with the RAMSES code, we study the dynamics of supermassive black hole (SMBH) binaries embedded in gaseous nuclear circumbinary disks, where we investigate the effects of active galactic nucleus feedback on the SMBH binaries' migration behavior and disk structure. The radiative feedback effects are modeled by injecting photons that interact with the gas, through the adoption of a grid of BH emission spectra. We run simulations with initial conditions that lead by pure gravity plus hydrodynamics both to the formation of a low-density tidal cavity and to systems where gas-viscous diffusion is efficient enough to maintain a sizable gas reservoir surrounding the binary. For gap-forming binaries we find that orbital evolution is unchanged with the inclusion of feedback, but ionizing radiation photoevaporates gas that is at the outer edge of the low-density region. For non-gap-forming systems we find that when feedback is included a strong initial disruption of the circumbinary disk is followed by an eventual stabilization of the medium that can usher a return to a fast binary migration regime. All of this is possible as a result of how our simulations capture the ionization states of the nuclear disk region and how this affects the coupling efficiency decrease with respect to the radiative feedback.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Accretion disks around black holes power some of the most luminous objects in the universe. Disks that are misaligned to the black hole spin can become warped over time by Lense-Thirring precession. Recent work has shown that strongly warped disks can become unstable, causing the disk to break into discrete rings producing a more dynamic and variable accretion flow. In a companion paper, we present numerical simulations of this instability and the resulting dynamics. In this paper, we discuss the implications of this dynamics for accreting black hole systems, with particular focus on the variability of active galactic nuclei (AGN). We discuss the timescales on which variability might manifest, as well as the impact of the observer orientation with respect to the black hole spin axis. When the disk warp is unstable near the inner edge of the disk, we find quasi-periodic behavior of the inner disk, which may explain the recent quasi-periodic eruptions observed in, for example, the Seyfert 2 galaxy GSN 069 and in the galactic nucleus of RX J1301.9+2747. These eruptions are thought to be similar to the heartbeat modes observed in some X-ray binaries (e.g., GRS 1915+105 and IGR J17091-3624). When the instability manifests at larger radii in the disk, we find that the central accretion rate can vary on timescales that may be commensurate with, e.g., changing-look AGN. We therefore suggest that some of the variability properties of accreting black hole systems may be explained by the disk being significantly warped, leading to disk tearing.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): MeerKAT radio continuum and XMM-Newton X-ray images have recently revealed a spectacular bipolar channel at the Galactic Center that spans several degrees (similar to 0.5 kpc). An intermittent jet likely formed this channel and is consistent with earlier evidence of a sustained, Seyfert-level outburst fueled by black hole accretion onto Sgr A* several Myr ago. Therefore, to trace a now weak jet that perhaps penetrated, deflected, and percolated along multiple paths through the interstellar medium, relevant interactions are identified and quantified in archival X-ray images, Hubble Space Telescope Paschen alpha images and Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array millimeter-wave spectra, and new SOAR telescope IR spectra. Hydrodynamical simulations are used to show how a nuclear jet can explain these structures and inflate the ROSAT/eROSITA X-ray and Fermi gamma-ray bubbles that extend +/- 75 degrees from the Galactic plane. Thus, our Galactic outflow has features in common with energetic, jet-driven structures in the prototypical Seyfert galaxy NGC 1068.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We explore the effects of anisotropic thermal conduction, anisotropic pressure, and magnetic field strength on the hot accretion flows around black holes by solving the axisymmetric, steady-state magnetohydrodynamic equations. The anisotropic pressure is known as a mechanism for transporting angular momentum in weakly collisional plasmas in hot accretion flows with extremely low mass accretion rates. However, anisotropic pressure does not extensively impact the transport of the angular momentum, it leads to shrinkage of the wind region. Our results show that the strength of the magnetic field can help the Poynting energy flux overcome the kinetic energy flux. This result may be applicable to the understanding of the hot accretion flow in the Galactic Center Sgr A* and the M87 galaxy.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The matter orbiting black holes (BHs) in microquasars or active galactic nuclei forms toroidal accretion disk structures, and multiple torus structures have been recently described as ringed accretion disks (RADs) in a full general relativistic approach. Here we realize full general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) numerical simulations related to double toroidal structure immersed in the equatorial plane of the gravitomagnetic field of a central Schwarzschild BH in an asymptotically uniform magnetic field. We study the merging dynamics of an initial RAD structure constructed by two corotating or counterrotating tori, where accretion of matter from the outer torus is assumed onto the inner torus, using the 2.5D GRMHD simulation schemes with the HARM numerical code. We study the dynamics of the system assuming various initial conditions, and we have demonstrated that the initial matter density is the relevant factor governing the system evolution.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The dynamics of the broad line region (BLR) in active galaxies is an open question; direct observational constraints suggest a predominantly Keplerian motion, with possible traces of inflow or outflow. In this paper we study in detail the physically motivated BLR model of Czerny & Hryniewicz based on the radiation pressure acting on dust at the surface layers of the accretion disk (AD). We consider here a nonhydrodynamical approach to the dynamics of the dusty cloud under the influence of radiation coming from the entire AD. We use here a realistic description of the dust opacity, and we introduce two simple geometrical models of the local shielding of the dusty cloud. We show that the radiation pressure acting on dusty clouds is strong enough to lead to dynamical outflow from the AD surface, so the BLR has a dynamical character of a (mostly failed) outflow. The dynamics strongly depends on the Eddington ratio of the source. Large Eddington ratio sources show a complex velocity field and large vertical velocities with respect to the AD surface, while for lower Eddington ratio sources vertical velocities are small and most of the emission originates close to the AD surface. Cloud dynamics thus determines the 3D geometry of the BLR.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Various profiles of matter distribution in galactic halos (such as the Navarro-Frenk-White, Burkert, Hernquist, Moore, Taylor-Silk models, and others) are considered here as the source term for the Einstein equations. We solve these equations and find exact solutions that represent the metric of a central black hole immersed in a galactic halo. Even though in the general case the solution is numerical, very accurate general analytical metrics, which include all the particular models, are found in the astrophysically relevant regime, when the mass of the galaxy is much smaller than the characteristic scale in the halo.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Recent observations have revealed a trove of unexpected morphological features in many of the Milky Way's stellar streams. Explanations for such features include time-dependent deformations of the Galactic gravitational potential, local disruptions induced by dark matter substructure, and special configurations of the streams' progenitors. In this paper, we study how these morphologies can also arise in certain static, nonspherical gravitational potentials that host a subset of resonantly trapped orbit families. The transitions, or separatrices, between these orbit families mark abrupt discontinuities in the orbital structure of the potential. We develop a novel numerical approach for measuring the libration frequencies of resonant and near-resonant orbits and apply it to study the evolution of stellar streams on these orbits. We reveal two distinct morphological features that arise in streams on near-resonant orbits: fans, which come about due to a large spread in the libration frequencies near a separatrix, and bifurcations, which arise when a separatrix splits the orbital distribution of the stellar stream between two (or more) distinct orbit families. We demonstrate that these effects can arise in some Milky Way streams for certain choices of the dark matter halo potential and discuss how this might be used to probe and constrain the global shape of the Milky Way's gravitational potential.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Stellar motions in the innermost parts of galactic nuclei, where the gravity of a supermassive black hole dominates, follow Keplerian ellipses to the first order of approximation. These orbits may be subject to periodic (Kozai-Lidov) oscillations of their orbital elements if some nonspherically distributed matter (e.g., a secondary massive black hole, coherent stellar subsystem, or large-scale gaseous structure) perturbs the gravity of the central supermassive black hole. These oscillations are, however, affected by the overall potential of the host nuclear star cluster. In this paper, we show that its influence strongly depends on the properties of the particular system, as well as the considered timescale. We demonstrate that for systems with astrophysically relevant parameters, the Kozai-Lidov oscillations of eccentricity can be enhanced by the extended potential of the cluster in terms of reaching significantly higher maximal values. In a more general statistical sense, the oscillations of eccentricity are typically damped. The efficiency of the damping, however, may be small to negligible for the suitable parameters of the system. This applies, in particular, in the case when the perturbing body is on an eccentric orbit.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The supermassive black holes in most galaxies in the universe are powered by hot accretion flows. Both theoretical analysis and numerical simulations have indicated that, depending on the degree of magnetization, black hole hot accretion flow is divided into two modes, namely SANE (standard and normal evolution) and MAD (magnetically arrested disk). It has been an important question which mode the hot accretion flows in individual sources should belong to in reality, SANE or MAD. This issue has been investigated in some previous works but they all suffer from various uncertainties. By using the measured rotation measure (RM) values in the prototype low-luminosity active galactic nuclei in M87 at 2, 5, and 8 GHz along the jet at various distances from the black hole, combined with three-dimensional general relativity magnetohydrodynamical numerical simulations of SANE and MAD, we show in this paper that the RM values predicted by MAD are well consistent with observations, while the SANE model overestimates the RM by over two orders of magnitude and thus is ruled out.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We investigate the dynamical interaction between cosmic rays (CRs) and the multiphase interstellar medium (ISM) using numerical magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations with a two-moment CR solver and TIGRESS simulations of star-forming galactic disks. We previously studied the transport of CRs within TIGRESS outputs using a postprocessing approach, and we now assess the effects of the MHD backreaction to CR pressure. We confirm our previous conclusion that there are three quite different regimes of CR transport in multiphase ISM gas, while also finding that simulations with live MHD predict a smoother CR pressure distribution. The CR pressure near the midplane is comparable to other pressure components in the gas, but the scale height of CRs is far larger. Next, with a goal of understanding the role of CRs in driving galactic outflows, we conduct a set of controlled simulations of the extraplanar region above z = 500 pc, with imposed boundary conditions flowing from the midplane into this region. We explore a range of thermal and kinematic properties for the injected thermal gas, encompassing both hot, fast-moving outflows, and cooler, slower-moving outflows. The boundary conditions for CR energy density and flux are scaled from the supernova rate in the underlying TIGRESS model. Our simulations reveal that CRs efficiently accelerate extraplanar material if the latter is mostly warm/warm-hot gas, in which CRs stream at the Alfven speed, and the effective sound speed increases as density decreases. In contrast, CRs have very little effect on fast, hot outflows where the Alfven speed is small, even when the injected CR momentum flux exceeds the injected MHD momentum flux.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We study the kinetic plasma dynamics in collisionless relativistic jets with velocity shear, by carrying out particle-in-cell simulations in the transverse plane of a jet. It is discovered that intermittent magnetic reconnections (MRs) are driven by mushroom instability (MI), which is an important kinetic-scale plasma instability in the plasma shear flows with relativistic bulk speed. We refer to this sequence of kinetic plasma phenomena as MI-driven MR. The MI-driven MRs intermittently occur with moving the location of the reconnection points from the vicinity of the initial velocity-shear surface toward the center of the jet. As a consequence, the number density of high-energy electrons that are accelerated by MI-driven MRs increases with time in the region inside the initial velocity-shear surface with the accompanying generation and subsequent amplification of magnetic fields by MI. The maximum Lorentz factor of electrons increases with initial bulk Lorentz factor of the jet. A possible relation of MI-driven MR to the bright synchrotron emission in the jet spine of an active galactic nucleus jet is also discussed.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The formation of galaxies is significantly influenced by galactic winds, possibly driven by cosmic rays due to their long cooling times and better coupling to plasma compared to radiation. In this study, we compare the radio observations of the edge-on galaxy NGC 4217 from the CHANG-ES collaboration catalog with a mock observation of an isolated galaxy based on the arepo simulation that adopts the state-of-the-art two-moment cosmic ray transport treatment and multiphase interstellar medium model. We find significant agreement between the simulated and observed images and spectroscopic data for reasonable model parameters. Specifically, we find that (i) the shape of the intensity profiles depends weakly on the magnitude of the magnetic field, the distance of the simulated galaxy, and the normalization of the CR electron spectrum. The agreement between the mock and actual observations is degenerate with respect to these factors; (ii) the multiwavelength spectrum above 0.1 GHz is in agreement with the radio observations and its slope is also only weakly sensitive to the magnetic field strength; (iii) the magnetic field direction exhibits X-shaped morphology, often seen in edge-on galaxies, which is consistent with the observations and indicates the presence of a galactic-scale outflow. Our results highlight the importance of incorporating advanced cosmic ray transport models in simulations and provide a deeper understanding of galactic wind dynamics and its impact on galaxy evolution.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We present a novel analytic framework to model the steady-state structure of multiphase galactic winds comprised of a hot, volume-filling component and a cold, clumpy component. We first derive general expressions for the structure of the hot phase for arbitrary mass, momentum, and energy source terms. Next, informed by recent simulations, we parameterize the cloud-wind mass transfer rates, which are set by the competition between turbulent mixing and radiative cooling. This enables us to cast the cloud-wind interaction as a source term for the hot phase and thereby simultaneously solve for the evolution of both phases, fully accounting for their bidirectional influence. With this model, we explore the nature of galactic winds over a broad range of conditions. We find that (i) with realistic parameter choices, we naturally produce a hot, low-density wind that transports energy while entraining a significant flux of cold clouds, (ii) mixing dominates the cold cloud acceleration and decelerates the hot wind, (iii) during mixing thermalization of relative kinetic energy provides significant heating, (iv) systems with low hot phase mass loading factors and/or star formation rates can sustain higher initial cold phase mass loading factors, but the clouds are quickly shredded, and (v) systems with large hot phase mass loading factors and/or high star formation rates cannot sustain large initial cold phase mass loading factors, but the clouds tend to grow with distance from the galaxy. Our results highlight the necessity of accounting for the multiphase structure of galactic winds, both physically and observationally, and have important implications for feedback in galactic systems.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: We study dynamical friction in the Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity (NLG), which is a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. The nonlocal aspect of NLG simulates dark matter. The attributes of the resulting effective dark matter are described and the main physical predictions of NLG, which has a characteristic length scale of order 1 kpc, for galactic dynamics are presented. Within the framework of NLG, we derive the analog of Chandrasekhar's formula for dynamical friction. The astrophysical implications of the results for the apparent rotation of a central bar subject to dynamical friction in a barred spiral galaxy are briefly discussed.; Example output: [['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','simulates','dark matter'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','has_parameter','1 kpc characteristic length scale'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','derives_analog_of','Chandrasekhar\\u2019s formula'],['dynamical friction (NLG)','affects','barred spiral galaxy\\u2019s central bar rotation'],['Nonlocal gravity (NLG)','describes_attributes','effective dark matter']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The accretion disks of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) harboring in active galactic nuclei (AGN) are considered to be an ideal site for producing different types of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). The detectability of these GRB phenomena hidden in AGN disks is highly dependent on the dynamical evolution of the GRB relativistic jets. By investigating the reverse- and forward-shock dynamics due to the interaction between the jets and AGN disk material, we find that the relativistic jets can successfully break out from the disks only for a sufficiently high luminosity and a long enough duration. In comparison, relatively normal GRB jets are inclined to be choked in the disks unless the GRBs occur near an SMBH with relatively low mass (e.g., similar to 106 M circle dot). For the choked jets, unlike normal GRB prompt and afterglow emission, we can only expect to detect emission from the forward shock when the shock is very close to the edge of the disks, i.e., at the shock breakout emission and subsequent cooling of the shock.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): As the interferometers detecting gravitational waves are upgraded, improving their sensitivity, the probability of observing strong lensing increases. Once a detection is made, it will be critical to gain as much information as possible about the lensing object from these observations. In this work, we present a methodology to rapidly perform model selection between differing mass density profiles for strongly lensed gravitational-wave signals, using the results of the fast strong-lensing analysis pipeline GOLUM. We demonstrate the validity of this methodology using some illustrative examples adopting the idealized singular isothermal sphere and point-mass lens models. We take several simulated lensed signals, analyze them with GOLUM, and subject them to our methodology to recover both the model and its parameters. To demonstrate the methodology's stability, we show how the result varies with the number of samples used for a subset of these injections. In addition to the analysis of simulations, we also apply our methodology to the gravitational-wave event pair GW191230-LGW200104, two events with similar frequency evolutions and sky locations, which was analyzed in detail as a potential lensing candidate but ultimately discarded when considering the full population and the uncertain nature of the second event. We find a preference for the singular isothermal sphere model over the point mass, though our posteriors are much wider than for the lensed injections, in line with the expectations for a nonlensed event. The methodology developed in this work is made available as part of the Gravelamps software package.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We present the package Gravelamps, which is designed to analyze gravitationally lensed gravitational wave signals in order to constrain the mass density profile of the lensing object. Gravelamps does this via parameter estimation using the framework of bilby, which enables estimation of both the lens and the source parameters. The package can be used to study both microlensing and macrolensing cases, where the lensing mass distribution is described by a point-mass and extended-mass density profile, respectively. It allows the user to easily and freely switch between a full wave optics and approximate geometric optics description. The performance of Gravelamps is demonstrated via simulated analysis of both microlensing and macrolensing events, illustrating its capability for both parameter estimation and model selection in the wave optics and hybrid environments. To further demonstrate the utility of the package, the real gravitational-wave event GW170809 was analyzed using Gravelamps; this event was found to yield no strong evidence supporting the lensing hypothesis, consistent with previously published results.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We perform Bayesian model selection with parameter estimation to identify potentially lensed gravitational-wave images from the second observing run (O2) of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo. Specifically, we compute the Bayesian evidence for a pair of events being lensed or not lensed (unlensed) using nested sampling. We consider in the model selection the discrete coalescence phase shifts that can be induced if the gravitational-wave signal intersects with the lens caustics. We find that the pair of events, GW170104 and GW170814 with a pi/2 coalescence phase shift, has a significant Bayes factor (B-U(L) similar to 1.98 x 10(4)) favoring the lensing hypothesis. However, after taking into account the long time delay of approximately 7 months between events, the timing Bayes factor is significantly small (B-t similar to 8.7 x 10(-2)). The prior probability for detecting strongly lensed pairs at O2 sensitivity is exceedingly small for both galaxy and galaxy cluster lensing. Combining the lensing and timing Bayes factors with the prior odds on lensing gives an odds ratio of (B-t similar to 8.7 x 10(-2)). The prior probability for detecting strongly lensed pairs at O2 sensitivity is exceedingly small for both galaxy and galaxy cluster lensing. Combining the lensing and timing Bayes factors with the prior odds on lensing gives an odds ratio of O-U(L) similar to 20.With the value of the odds ratio after including model dependence of the timing and prior odds factors, we do not have strong evidence to demonstrate that the aforementioned pair is strongly lensed.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Similar to light, gravitational waves (GWs) can be lensed. Such lensing phenomena can magnify the waves, create multiple images observable as repeated events, and superpose several waveforms together, inducing potentially discernible patterns on the waves. In particular, when the lens is small, less than or similar to 10(5) M (circle dot), it can produce lensed images with time delays shorter than the typical gravitational-wave signal length that conspire together to form beating patterns. We present a proof-of-principle study utilizing deep learning for identification of such a lensing signature. We bring the excellence of state-of-the-art deep learning models at recognizing foreground objects from background noise to identifying lensed GWs from noisy spectrograms. We assume the lens mass is around 10(3)-10(5) M (circle dot), which can produce time delays of the order of milliseconds between two images of lensed GWs. We discuss the feasibility of distinguishing lensed GWs from unlensed ones and estimating physical and lensing parameters. The suggested method may be of interest to the study of more complicated lensing configurations for which we do not have accurate waveform templates.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Modeling strong gravitational lenses in order to quantify distortions in the images of background sources and to reconstruct the mass density in foreground lenses has been a difficult computational challenge. As the quality of gravitational lens images increases, the task of fully exploiting the information they contain becomes computationally and algorithmically more difficult. In this work, we use a neural network based on the recurrent inference machine to reconstruct simultaneously an undistorted image of the background source and the lens mass density distribution as pixelated maps. The method iteratively reconstructs the model parameters (the image of the source and a pixelated density map) by learning the process of optimizing the likelihood given the data using the physical model (a ray-tracing simulation), regularized by a prior implicitly learned by the neural network through its training data. When compared to more traditional parametric models, the proposed method is significantly more expressive and can reconstruct complex mass distributions, which we demonstrate by using realistic lensing galaxies taken from the IllustrisTNG cosmological hydrodynamic simulation.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): With mock strong gravitational lensing images, we investigate the performance of the broken power-law (BPL) model proposed by Du et al. (2020) on the mass reconstruction of galaxy-scale lenses. An end-to-end test is carried out, including the creation of mock strong lensing images, the subtraction of lens light, and the reconstruction of lensed images, where the lenses are selected from the galaxies in the Illustris-1 simulation. We notice that, regardless of the adopted mass models (the BPL model or its special cases), the Einstein radius can be robustly determined from imaging data alone, and the median bias is typically less than 1%. Away from the Einstein radius, the lens mass distribution tends to be harder to measure, especially at radii where there are no lensed images detected. We find that, with rigid priors, the BPL model can clearly outperform the single power-law models by achieving <5% median bias on the radial convergence profile within the Einstein radius. As for the source light reconstructions, they are found to be sensitive to both lens light contamination and lens mass models, where the BPL model with rigid priors still performs best when there is no lens light contamination. We show that, by correcting for the projection effect, the BPL model can estimate the aperture and luminosity weighted line-of-sight velocity dispersions to an accuracy of similar to 6% scatter. These results highlight the great potential of the BPL model in strong lensing related studies.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We present GICA-Lens: a gradient-informed, GPU-accelerated Bayesian framework for modeling strong gravitational lensing systems, implemented in TensorFlow and JAX. The three components, optimization using multistart gradient descent, posterior covariance estimation with variational inference, and sampling via Hamiltonian Monte Carlo, all take advantage of gradient information through automatic differentiation and massive parallelization on graphics processing units (GPUs). We test our pipeline on a large set of simulated systems and demonstrate in detail its high level of performance. The average time to model a single system on four Nvidia A100 GPUs is 105 s. The robustness, speed, and scalability offered by this framework make it possible to model the large number of strong lenses found in current surveys and present a very promising prospect for the modeling of O(10(5)) lensing systems expected to be discovered in the era of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory, Euclid, and the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We study the gravitational lensing influence of a massive object in a dark matter halo, using a simple model of a point mass embedded in a spherical Navarro-Frenk-White halo. Building on the analysis of critical curves and caustics presented in the first part of this work, we proceed to explore the geometry of images formed by the lens. First, we analyze several lensing quantities including shear, phase, and their weak-lensing approximations, illustrating the results with image-plane maps. We derive formulae and present a geometric interpretation for the shear and phase of a combination of two axially symmetric mass distributions. In the case of our lens model, we describe the occurrence of zero-shear points and specify the conditions under which they become umbilic points. Second, we use the eigenvalue decomposition of the inverse of the lens-equation Jacobian matrix to compute the magnification and flattening of lensed images. Based on this, we introduce the convergence-shear diagram, a novel and compact way of visualizing the properties of images formed by a particular gravitational lens. We inspect relative deviations of the analyzed lensing quantities in order to evaluate the perturbing effect of the point mass and the applicability of the weak-lensing approximation. We explore the dependence of the results on the point-mass parameters by studying grids of plots for different combinations of its position and mass. We provide analytical explanations for important patterns arising in these plots and discuss the implications for the lensing influence of isolated compact bodies in dark matter halos.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Gravitational waves (GWs) from stellar binary black hole (sBBH) mergers can be strongly gravitational lensed by intervening galaxies/galaxy clusters. Only a few works have investigated cluster-lensed sBBH mergers by adopting oversimplified models, while galaxy-lensed ones have been intensively studied. In this paper, we estimate the detection rate of cluster-lensed sBBH mergers with third-generation GW detectors and its dependence on the lens models. We adopt detailed modeling of galaxy cluster lenses by using the mock clusters in the Synthetic Sky Catalog for Dark Energy Science with LSST (cosmoDC2) and/or approximations of the pseudo-Jaffe profile or an eccentric Navarro-Frenk-White dark matter halo plus a bright central galaxy with singular isothermal sphere profile. Considering that the formation of sBBH mergers is dominated by the evolution of the massive binary star (EMBS) channel, we find that the detection rate of cluster-lensed sBBHs is similar to 5-84 yr-1, depending on the adopted lens model and uncertainty in the merger rate density, which is about similar to 13-2.0+28 yr-1 if adopting relatively more realistic galaxy clusters with central main and member galaxies in the cosmoDC2 catalog, close to the estimated detection rate of sBBH mergers lensed by galaxies. In addition, we also consider the case in which the production of sBBH mergers is dominated by the dynamical interactions in dense stellar systems. We find that the detection rate of cluster-lensed sBBHs from the dynamical channel is about 1.5 times larger than that from the EMBS channel, and the redshift distribution of the former peaks at a higher redshift (similar to 3) compared with that from the latter (similar to 2).. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Gravitationally lensed curved arcs provide a wealth of information about the underlying lensing distortions. Extracting precise lensing information from extended sources is a key component in many studies aiming to answer fundamental questions about the universe. To maintain accuracy with increased precision, it is of vital importance to characterize and understand the impact of degeneracies inherent in lensing observables. In this work, we present a formalism to describe the gravitational lensing distortion effects resulting in curved extended arcs based on the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the local lensing Jacobian and their directional differentials. We identify a nonlocal and nonlinear extended deflector basis that inherits these local properties. Our parameterization is tightly linked to observable features in extended sources and allows one to accurately extract the lensing information of extended images without imposing an explicit global deflector model. We quantify what degeneracies can be broken based on specific assumptions about the local lensing nature and assumed intrinsic source shape. Our formalism is applicable from the weak linear regime to the semi-linear regime and all the way up to the highly nonlinear regime of highly magnified arcs of multiple images. The methodology and implementation presented in this work provides a framework to assessing systematics, to guide inference efforts in the right choices in complexity based on the data at hand, and to quantify the lensing information extracted in a model-independent way (https://github.com/sibirrer/curved_arcs).. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): In this paper, we forecast the expected detection rates and redshift distributions of gravitationally lensed gravitational waves (GWs) from three different mass distributions of primordial black holes (PBHs) and two stellar formation models of astrophysical black holes (ABHs) in the context of the DECi-hertz Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory (DECIGO) and its smaller-scale version B-DECIGO. It suggests that DECIGO will be able to detect 10(4)-10(5) GW signals from such binary black holes each year and the event rate distributions for PBHs will differ from those for ABHs due to their different merger rate with respect to redshift. The large number of event rates makes 5-70 detections of lensed GW signals possible. After considering the gravitational lensing effect, the difference between the detection rates and distributions for PBHs and ABHs will be more significant. Therefore, this can be served as a complementary method to distinguish PBHs from ABHs.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Kilonovae are generally believed to originate from the ejecta of binary neutron stars (NSs) or black hole-NS mergers. Free neutrons might be retained in the outermost layer of the ejecta to produce a precursor via beta decay. During the propagation of kilonovae to observers, a small percentage of them might be gravitationally lensed by foreground objects. In this paper, three lens models, i.e., the point-mass model, the singular isothermal sphere (SIS) model, and the Chang-Refsdal model, were taken into consideration to explore the light curves and polarizations of gravitationally lensed kilonovae. We found that, if the time delay between two images exceeds the ejecta-heating timescale for the lens mass similar to 10(10) M (circle dot) in the SIS model, a tiny bump-like signal will be generated in the light curve, and the total luminosity will be magnified in all cases. The polarization of lensed kilonovae is significantly enhanced in most cases. Future detections of lensed kilonovae will impose constraints on the morphology of the ejecta and aid in the determination of the nature of compact object mergers and the search for strong gravitational lenses.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The identity of dark matter has remained surprisingly elusive. While terrestrial experiments may be able to nail down a model, an alternative method is to identify dark matter based on astrophysical or cosmological signatures. A particularly sensitive approach is based on the unique signature of dark matter substructure in galaxy-galaxy strong lensing images. Machine-learning applications have been explored for extracting this signal. Because of the limited availability of high-quality strong lensing images, these approaches have exclusively relied on simulations. Due to the differences with the real instrumental data, machine-learning models trained on simulations are expected to lose accuracy when applied to real data. Here domain adaptation can serve as a crucial bridge between simulations and real data applications. In this work, we demonstrate the power of domain adaptation techniques applied to strong gravitational lensing data with dark matter substructure. We show with simulated data sets representative of Euclid and Hubble Space Telescope observations that domain adaptation can significantly mitigate the losses in the model performance when applied to new domains. Lastly, we find similar results utilizing domain adaptation for the problem of lens finding by adapting models trained on a simulated data set to one composed of real lensed and unlensed galaxies from the Hyper Suprime-Cam. This technique can help domain experts build and apply better machine-learning models for extracting useful information from the strong gravitational lensing data expected from the upcoming surveys.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We present the result of the first deep learning-based search for the signature of microlensing in gravitational waves. This search seeks the signature induced by lenses with masses between 10(3) and 10(5) M-circle dot from spectrograms of the binary black hole events in the first and second gravitational-wave transient catalogs. We use a deep learning model trained with spectrograms of simulated noisy gravitational-wave signals to classify the events into two classes, lensed or unlensed. We introduce ensemble learning and a majority voting-based consistency test for the predictions of ensemble learners. The classification scheme of this search primarily classifies one event, GW190707_093326, into the lensed class. To verify the primary classification of this event, we also examine the median probability of the lensed class and observe that the resulting value, 0.984(-0.342)(+0.012), agrees with an empirical criterion >0.6 for claiming the detection of a lensed signal. However, the uncertainty of the estimated p-value for the median probability and error, ranging from 0 to 0.1, convinces us GW190707_093326 is less likely a lensed event because it includes p >= 0.05 where the unlensed hypothesis is true. Therefore, we conclude our search finds no significant evidence of microlensing signature from the evaluated binary black hole events.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): A significant number of stellar binary black hole (sBBH) mergers may be lensed and detected by the third generation of gravitational wave (GW) detectors. Their lensed host galaxies may be detectable, which would thus help to accurately localize these sources and provide a new approach to study the origin of sBBHs. In this paper, we investigate the detectability of lensed host galaxies for lensed sBBH mergers. We find that the detection fraction of galaxies hosting lensed GW events can be significantly different for a survey with a given limiting magnitude if sBBHs are produced by different mechanisms, such as the evolution of massive binary stars, dynamical interactions in dense star clusters, and production assisted by active galactic nuclei or massive black holes. Furthermore, we illustrate that the statistical spatial distributions of those lensed sBBHs in their hosts resulting from different sBBH formation channels can differ. Therefore, with the third generation of GW detectors and future large-scale galaxy surveys, it is possible to independently constrain the origin of sBBHs via the detection fraction of those lensed events with identifiable lensing host signatures and/or even to constrain the fractional contributions from different sBBH formation mechanisms.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We investigate the use of approximate Bayesian neural networks (BNNs) in modeling hundreds of time delay gravitational lenses for Hubble constant (H-0) determination. Our BNN was trained on synthetic Hubble Space Telescope quality images of strongly lensed active galactic nuclei with lens galaxy light included. The BNN can accurately characterize the posterior probability density functions (PDFs) of model parameters governing the elliptical power-law mass profile in an external shear field. We then propagate the BNN-inferred posterior PDFs into an ensemble H-0 inference, using simulated time delay measurements from a plausible dedicated monitoring campaign. Assuming well-measured time delays and a reasonable set of priors on the environment of the lens, we achieve a median precision of 9.3% per lens in the inferred H-0. A simple combination of a set of 200 test lenses results in a precision of 0.5 km s(-1) Mpc(-1) (0.7%), with no detectable bias in this H-0 recovery test. The computation time for the entire pipeline-including the generation of the training set, BNN training and H-0 inference-translates to 9 minutes per lens on average for 200 lenses and converges to 6 minutes per lens as the sample size is increased. Being fully automated and efficient, our pipeline is a promising tool for exploring ensemble-level systematics in lens modeling for H-0 inference.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Combining the exquisite angular resolution of Gaia with optical light curves and WISE photometry, the Gaia Gravitational Lenses group (GraL) uses machine-learning techniques to identify candidate strongly lensed quasars, and has confirmed over two dozen new strongly lensed quasars from the Gaia Data Release 2. This paper reports on the 12 quadruply imaged quasars identified by this effort to date, which is a similar to 20% increase in the total number of confirmed quadruply imaged quasars. We discuss the candidate selection, spectroscopic follow-up, and lens modeling. We also report our spectroscopic failures as an aid for future investigations.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Symmetric achromatic variability (SAV) is a rare form of radio variability in blazars that has been attributed to gravitational milli-lensing by a similar to 10(2)-10(5) M (circle dot) mass condensate. Four SAVs have been identified between 1980 and 2020 in the long-term radio monitoring data of the blazar PKS 1413 + 135. We show that all four can be fitted with the same, unchanging, gravitational lens model. If SAV is due to gravitational milli-lensing, PKS 1413 + 135 provides a unique system for studying active galactic nuclei with unprecedented microarcsecond resolution, as well as for studying the nature of the milli-lens itself. We discuss two possible candidates for the putative milli-lens: a giant molecular cloud hosted in the intervening edge-on spiral galaxy, and an undetected dwarf galaxy with a massive black hole. We find a significant dependence of SAV crossing time on frequency, which could indicate a fast shock moving in a slower underlying flow. We also find tentative evidence for a 989 day periodicity in the SAVs, which, if real, makes possible the prediction of future SAVs: the next three windows for possible SAVs begin in 2022 August, 2025 May, and 2028 February.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Although general relativity (GR) has been precisely tested at the solar system scale, precise tests at a galactic or cosmological scale are still relatively insufficient. Here, in order to test GR at the galactic scale, we use the newly compiled galaxy-scale strong gravitational lensing (SGL) sample to constrain the parameter gamma(PPN) in the parameterized post-Newtonian (PPN) formalism. We employ the Pantheon sample of Type Ia supernova observations to calibrate the distances in the SGL systems using the Gaussian Process method, which avoids the logical problem caused by assuming a cosmological model within GR to determine the distances in the SGL sample. Furthermore, we consider three typical lens models in this work to investigate the influences of the lens-mass distributions on the fitting results. We find that the choice of lens models has a significant impact on the constraints on the PPN parameter gamma(PPN). By using a minimum chi(2) comparison and the Bayesian information criterion as evaluation tools to make comparisons for the fitting results of the three lens models, we find that the most reliable lens model gives the result of gamma(PPN) = 1.065(-0.074)(+0.064) which is in good agreement with the prediction of gamma(PPN) = 1 by GR. As far as we know, our 6.4% constraint result is the best result so far among recent works using the SGL method.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): In this paper, we aim to use the DECi-hertz Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (DECIGO), a future Japanese space gravitational-wave antenna sensitive to the frequency range between LISA and ground-based detectors, to provide gravitational-wave constraints on the cosmic curvature at z similar to 5. In the framework of the well-known distance sum rule, the perfect redshift coverage of the standard sirens observed by DECIGO, compared with lensing observations including the source and lens from LSST, makes such cosmological-model-independent tests more natural and general. Focusing on three kinds of spherically symmetric mass distributions for the lensing galaxies, we find that the cosmic curvature is expected to be constrained with the precision of Delta omega( K ) similar to 10(-2) in the early universe (z similar to 5.0), improving the sensitivity of ET constraints by about a factor of 10. However, in order to investigate this further, the mass-density profiles of early-type galaxies should be properly taken into account. Specifically, our analysis demonstrates the strong degeneracy between the spatial curvature and the lens parameters, especially the redshift evolution of the power-law lens index parameter. When the extended power-law mass-density profile is assumed, the weakest constraint on the cosmic curvature can be obtained, whereas the addition of DECIGO to the combination of LSST+DECIGO does improve significantly the constraint on the luminosity-density slope and the anisotropy of the stellar velocity dispersion. Therefore, our paper highlights the benefits of synergies between DECIGO and LSST in constraining new physics beyond the standard model, which could manifest themselves through accurate determination of the cosmic curvature.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The lensing effect of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is a powerful tool for our study of the distribution of matter in the universe. The quadratic estimator (QE) method, which is widely used to reconstruct lensing potential, has been known to be suboptimal for the low noise level polarization data from next-generation CMB experiments. To improve the performance of the reconstruction, other methods, such as the maximum-likelihood estimator and machine-learning algorithms, have been developed. In this work, we present a deep convolutional neural network model named the Residual Dense Local Feature U-net (RDLFUnet) for reconstructing the CMB lensing convergence field. By simulating lensed CMB data with different noise levels to train and test network models, we find that for noise levels less than 5 & mu;K-arcmin, RDLFUnet can recover the input gravitational potential with a higher signal-to-noise ratio than the previous deep-learning and traditional QE methods at almost the entire observation scale.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We study the gravitational lensing properties of a massive object in a dark matter halo, concentrating on the critical curves and caustics of the combined lens. We model the system in the simplest approximation by a point mass embedded in a spherical Navarro-Frenk-White density profile. The low number of parameters of such a model permits a systematic exploration of its parameter space. We present galleries of critical curves and caustics for different masses and positions of the point in the halo. We demonstrate the existence of a critical mass, above which the gravitational influence of the centrally positioned point is strong enough to eliminate the radial critical curve and caustic of the halo. In the point-mass parameter space we identify the boundaries at which critical-curve transitions and corresponding caustic metamorphoses occur. The number of transitions as a function of the position of the point is surprisingly high, ranging from three for higher masses to as many as eight for lower masses. On the caustics we identify the occurrence of six different types of caustic metamorphoses. We illustrate the peculiar properties of the single radial critical curve and caustic appearing in an additional unusual nonlocal metamorphosis for a critical mass positioned at the halo center. Although we construct the model primarily to study the lensing influence of individual galaxies in a galaxy cluster, it can also be used to study the lensing by dwarf satellite galaxies in the halo of a host galaxy, as well as (super)massive black holes at a general position in a galactic halo.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The Cold Spot, with an unusually cold region surrounded by a hot ring, is a statistically significant anomaly in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) sky. In this work we assess whether different sets of multiple subvoids based on the 2dF-VST ATLAS Cold Spot galaxy redshift survey or a collapsing cosmic texture could have produced such an anomaly through a simultaneous search for their gravitational redshift and lensing signatures on the Planck CMB temperature anisotropies. We use patches with radii R = 10 degrees and R = 20 degrees to account for the inner cold region as well as the outer hot ring. As the void model, we explore two sets of Lambda LTB templates characterized by different values of the model's free parameters, and a top-hat void template. We detect higher than expected gravitational redshift amplitudes for the first two sets, A(rs) = 5.4 +/- 1.4 and A(rs) = 14.4 +/- 3.8, and lower than expected for the top-hat model, A(rs) = 0.3 +/- 0.1. The amplitudes for the lensing imprint are consistent with zero for all these subvoid models. The estimated amplitude for the texture imprint from the gravitational redshift measurement implies the energy scale of the texture, parameterized by epsilon, to be epsilon = (7.6 +/- 2.0) x 10(-5), with no detection of the lensing trace. We note that the deviation of the subvoid amplitudes from unity and the inability of the texture and some of the void profiles to reproduce the hot ring indicate theoretical insufficiencies, either in the construction of the model or in the assumed gravitational and cosmological framework leading to the imprints for the structures.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Observed evolution of the total mass distribution with redshift is crucial to testing galaxy evolution theories. To measure the total mass distribution, strong gravitational lenses complement the resolved dynamical observations that are currently limited to z less than or similar to 0.5. Here we present the lens models for a pilot sample of seven galaxy-scale lenses from the ASTRO3D Galaxy Evolution with Lenses (AGEL) survey. The AGEL lenses, modeled using HST/WFC3-F140W images with Gravitational Lens Efficient Explorer (GLEE) software, have deflector redshifts in the range 0.3 < z(defl) < 0.9. Assuming a power-law density profile with slope gamma, we measure the total density profile for the deflector galaxies via lens modeling. We also measure the stellar velocity dispersions (sigma(obs)) for four lenses and obtain sigma(obs) from SDSS-BOSS for the remaining lenses to test our lens models by comparing observed and model-predicted velocity dispersions. For the seven AGEL lenses, we measure an average density profile slope of -1.95 +/- 0.09 and a gamma-z relation that does not evolve with redshift at z < 1. Although our result is consistent with some observations and simulations, it differs from other studies at z < 1 that suggest the gamma-z relation evolves with redshift. The apparent conflicts among observations and simulations may be due to a combination of (1) systematics in the lensing and dynamical modeling; (2) challenges in comparing observations with simulations; and (3) assuming a simple power law for the total mass distribution. By providing more lenses at z(defl) > 0.5, the AGEL survey will provide stronger constraints on whether the mass profiles evolve with redshift as predicted by current theoretical models.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We present new light curves for the four bright images of the five image cluster-lensed quasar gravitational lens system SDSS J1004+4112. The light curves span 14.5 yr and allow the measurement of the time delay between the trailing bright quasar image D and the leading image C. When we fit all four light curves simultaneously and combine the models using the Bayesian information criterion, we find a time delay of Delta t (DC) = 2458.47 +/- 1.02 days (6.73 yr), the longest ever measured for a gravitational lens. For the other two independent time delays we obtain Delta t (BC) = 782.20 +/- 0.43 days (2.14 yr) and Delta t (AC) = 825.23 +/- 0.46 days (2.26 yr), in agreement with previous results. The information criterion is needed to weight the results for light curve models with different polynomial orders for the intrinsic variability and the effects of differential microlensing. The results using the Akaike information criterion are slightly different, but, in practice, the absolute delay errors are all dominated by the similar to 4% cosmic variance in the delays rather than the statistical or systematic measurement uncertainties. Despite the lens being a cluster, the quasar images show slow differential variability due to microlensing at the level of a few tenths of a magnitude.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We report the application of implicit likelihood inference to the prediction of the macroparameters of strong lensing systems with neural networks. This allows us to perform deep-learning analysis of lensing systems within a well-defined Bayesian statistical framework to explicitly impose desired priors on lensing variables, obtain accurate posteriors, and guarantee convergence to the optimal posterior in the limit of perfect performance. We train neural networks to perform a regression task to produce point estimates of lensing parameters. We then interpret these estimates as compressed statistics in our inference setup and model their likelihood function using mixture density networks. We compare our results with those of approximate Bayesian neural networks, discuss their significance, and point to future directions. Based on a test set of 100,000 strong lensing simulations, our amortized model produces accurate posteriors for any arbitrary confidence interval, with a maximum percentage deviation of 1.4% at the 21.8% confidence level, without the need for any added calibration procedure. In total, inferring 100,000 different posteriors takes a day on a single GPU, showing that the method scales well to the thousands of lenses expected to be discovered by upcoming sky surveys.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Galaxy-cluster gravitational lenses enable the study of faint galaxies even at large lookback times, and, recently, time-delay constraints on the Hubble constant. There have been few tests, however, of lens model predictions adjacent to the critical curve (less than or similar to 8 '') where the magnification is greatest. In a companion paper, we use the GLAFIC lens model to constrain the Balmer L-sigma relation for H ii regions in a galaxy at redshift z = 1.49 strongly lensed by the MACS J1149 galaxy cluster. Here we perform a detailed comparison between the predictions of 10 cluster lens models that employ multiple modeling assumptions with our measurements of 11 magnified, giant H ii regions. We find that that the models predict magnifications an average factor of 6.2 smaller, a similar to 2 sigma tension, than that inferred from the H ii regions under the assumption that they follow the low-redshift L-sigma relation. To evaluate the possibility that the lens model magnifications are strongly biased, we next consider the flux ratios among knots in three images of Sp1149, and find that these are consistent with model predictions. Moreover, while the mass-sheet degeneracy could in principle account for a factor of similar to 6 discrepancy in magnification, the value of H 0 inferred from SN Refsdal's time delay would become implausibly small. We conclude that the lens models are not likely to be highly biased, and that instead the H ii regions in Sp1149 are substantially more luminous than the low-redshift Balmer L-sigma relation predicts.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Strong gravitational lensing provides unique opportunities to investigate the mass distribution at the cores of galaxy clusters and to study high-redshift galaxies. Using 110 strong-lensing models of 74 cluster fields from the Hubble Frontier Fields (HFF), Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey (RELICS), and Sloan Giant Arcs Survey (SGAS), we evaluate the lensing strength of each cluster (area with divide mu divide >= 3 for z ( s ) = 9, normalized to a lens redshift of z = 0.5). We assess how large-scale mass, projected inner-core mass, and the inner slope of the projected mass-density profile relate to lensing strength. While we do identify a possible trend between lensing strength and large-scale mass (Kendall tau = 0.26 and Spearman r = 0.36), we find that the inner slope (50 kpc <= r <= 200 kpc) of the projected mass-density profile has a higher probability of correlation with lensing strength and can set an upper bound on the possible lensing strength of a cluster (Kendall tau = 0.53 and Spearman r = 0.71). As anticipated, we find that the lensing strength correlates with the effective Einstein area and that a large ( greater than or similar to 30.'' 0) radial extent of lensing evidence is a strong indicator of a powerful lens. We attribute the spread in the relation to the complexity of individual lensing clusters, which is well captured by the lensing-strength estimator. These results can help us to more efficiently design future observations to use clusters as cosmic telescopes.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of GW lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly apparent in the GW detection era, in which nearly 100 events have already been detected. As current ground-based interferometers reach their design sensitivities, it is anticipated that these detectors may observe a few GW signals that are strongly lensed by the dark halos of intervening galaxies or galaxy clusters. Analyzing the strong lensing effects on GW signals is, thus, becoming important to understand the lens' properties and correctly infer the intrinsic GW source parameters. However, one cannot accurately infer lens parameters for complex lens models with only GW observations because there are strong degeneracies between the parameters of lensed waveforms. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct parameter estimation of strongly lensed GW signals and infer the lens parameters using additional EM information, including the lens galaxy's axis ratio and the GW source-hosting galaxy's lensed images. We find that for simple spherically symmetric lens models, the lens parameters can be well recovered using only GW information. On the other hand, recovering the lens parameters requires systems in which four or more GW images are detected with additional EM observations for nonaxially symmetric lens models. Combinations of GW and EM observations can further improve the inference of the lens parameters.; Example output: [['gravitational lensing','lenses','gravitational waves (GWs)'],['dark halos of galaxies/galaxy clusters','lens','GW signals'],['ground-based interferometers','detect','strongly lensed GW signals'],['lensed waveforms','exhibit','parameter degeneracies'],['EM information','includes','lens galaxy axis ratio'],['EM information','includes','GW source-hosting galaxy lensed images'],['spherically symmetric lens models','allow_recovery_of','lens parameters via GW information'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','four or more GW images'],['nonaxially symmetric lens models','require','EM observations'],['GW and EM observations','improve_inference_of','lens parameters']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Among known strongly lensed quasar systems, similar to 25% have gravitational potentials sufficiently flat (and sources sufficiently well aligned) to produce four images rather than two. The projected flattening of the lensing galaxy and tides from neighboring galaxies both contribute to the potential's quadrupole. Witt's hyperbola and Wynne's ellipse permit determination of the overall quadrupole from the positions of the quasar images. The position of the lensing galaxy resolves the distinct contributions of intrinsic ellipticity and tidal shear to that quadrupole. Among 31 quadruply lensed quasars systems with statistically significant decompositions, 15 are either reliably (2 sigma) or provisionally (1 sigma) shear-dominated and 11 are either reliably or provisionally ellipticity-dominated. For the remaining eight, the two effects make roughly equal contributions to the combined cross section (newly derived here) for quadruple lensing. This observational result is strongly at variance with the ellipticity-dominated forecast of Oguri & Marshall.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Insight into the formation and global distribution of cloud particles in exoplanet atmospheres continues to be a key problem to tackle going into the JWST era. Understanding microphysical cloud processes and atmospheric feedback mechanisms in three-dimensional (3D) has proven to be a challenging prospect for exoplaneteers. In an effort to address the large computational burden of coupling these models in 3D simulations, we develop an open source, lightweight, and efficient microphysical cloud model for exoplanet atmospheres. 'Mini-cloud' is a microphysical based cloud model for exoplanet condensate clouds that can be coupled to contemporary general circulation models (GCMs) and other time-dependent simulations. We couple mini-cloud to the Exo-FMS GCM and use a prime JWST target, the hot Jupiter HAT-P-1b, as a test case for the cloud formation module. After 1000+ of days of integration with mini-cloud, our results show a complex 3D cloud structure with cloud properties relating closely the dynamical and temperature properties of the atmosphere. Current transit and emission spectra data are best fit with a reduced cloud particle number density compared to the nominal simulation, with our simulated JWST NIRISS SOSS spectra showing promising prospects for characterizing the atmosphere in detail. Overall, our study is another small step in first principles 3D exoplanet cloud formation microphysical modelling. We suggest that additional physics not included in the present model, such as coagulation, are required to reduce the number density of particles to appropriately observed levels.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Exoplanet transmission spectra, which measure the absorption of light passing through a planet's atmosphere during transit, are most often assessed globally, resulting in a single spectrum per planetary atmosphere. However, the inherent 3D nature of planetary atmospheres, via thermal, chemical, and dynamical processes, can imprint inhomogeneous structure and properties in the observables. In this work, we devise a technique for spatially mapping the atmospheres of exoplanets in transmission. Our approach relaxes the assumption that transit light curves are created from circular stars occulted by circular planets, and instead we allow for flexibility in the planet's sky-projected shape. We define the planet's radius to be a single-valued function of angle around its limb, and we refer to this mathematical object as a transmission string. These transmission strings are parametrized in terms of Fourier series, a choice motivated by these series having adjustable complexity, generating physically practical shapes, while being reducible to the classical circular case. The utility of our technique is primarily intended for high-precision multiwavelength light curves, from which inferences of transmission spectra can be made as a function of angle around a planet's terminator, enabling analysis of the multidimensional physics at play in exoplanet atmospheres. More generally, the technique can be applied to any transit light curve to derive the shape of the transiting body. The algorithm we develop is available as an open-source package, called HARMONICA(1).. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): In this era of exoplanet characterization with JWST, the need for a fast implementation of classical forward models to understand the chemical and physical processes in exoplanet atmospheres is more important than ever. Notably, the time-dependent ordinary differential equations to be solved by chemical kinetics codes are very time-consuming to compute. In this study, we focus on the implementation of neural networks to replace mathematical frameworks in one-dimensional chemical kinetics codes. Using the gravity gradient, temperature-pressure profiles, initial mixing ratios, and stellar flux of a sample of hot-Jupiter's atmospheres as free parameters, the neural network is built to predict the mixing ratio outputs in steady state. The architecture of the network is composed of individual autoencoders for each input variable to reduce the input dimensionality, which is then used as the input training data for an LSTM-like neural network. Results show that the autoencoders for the mixing ratios, stellar spectra, and pressure gradients are exceedingly successful in encoding and decoding the data. Our results show that in 90 per cent of the cases, the fully trained model is able to predict the evolved mixing ratios of the species in the hot-Jupiter atmosphere simulations. The fully trained model is & SIM;10(3) times faster than the simulations done with the forward, chemical kinetics model while making accurate predictions.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): With high-resolution spectroscopy, we can study exoplanet atmospheres and learn about their chemical composition, temperature profiles, and presence of clouds and winds, mainly in hot, giant planets. State-of-the-art instrumentation is pushing these studies towards smaller exoplanets. Of special interest are the few planets in the Neptune desert', a lack of Neptune-sized planets in close orbits around their hosts. Here, we assess the presence of water in one such planet, the bloated super-Neptune WASP-166 b, which orbits an F9-type star in a short orbit of 5.4 d. Despite its close-in orbit, WASP-166 b preserved its atmosphere, making it a benchmark target for exoplanet atmosphere studies in the desert. We analyse two transits observed in the visible with ESPRESSO. We clean the spectra from the Earth's telluric absorption via principal component analysis, which is crucial to the search for water in exoplanets. We use a cross-correlation-to-likelihood mapping to simultaneously estimate limits on the abundance of water and the altitude of a cloud layer, which points towards a low water abundance and/or high clouds. We tentatively detect a water signal blue-shifted similar to 5 km s (-1) from the planetary rest frame. Injection and retrie v al of model spectra show that a solar-composition, cloud-free atmosphere would be detected at high significance. This is only possible in the visible due to the capabilities of ESPRESSO and the collecting power of the VLT. This work provides further insight on the Neptune desert planet WASP-166 b, which will be observed with JWST.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The optical properties of particulate-matter aerosols, within the context of exoplanet and brown dwarf atmospheres, are compared using three different models: Mie theory, modified mean field (MMF) theory, and discrete dipole approximation (DDA). Previous results have demonstrated that fractal haze particles (MMF and DDA) absorb much less long-wavelength radiation than their spherical counterparts (Mie), however it is shown here that the opposite can also be true if a more varying refractive index profile is used. Additionally, it is demonstrated that absorption/scattering cross-sections, and the asymmetry parameter, are underestimated if Mie theory is used. Although DDA can be used to obtain more accurate results, it is known to be much more computationally intensive; to avoid this, the use of low-resolution aerosol models is explored, which could dramatically speed up the process of obtaining accurate computations of optical cross-sections within a certain parameter space. The validity of DDA is probed for wavelengths of interest for observations of aerosols within exoplanet and brown dwarf atmospheres (0.2-15 mu m). Finally, novel code is presented to compare the results of Mie, MMF, and DDA theories (CORAL: Comparison Of Radiative AnaLyses), as well as to increase and decrease the resolution of DDA shape files accordingly (SPHERIFY). Both codes can be applied to a range of other interesting astrophysical environments in addition to exoplanet atmospheres, for example dust grains within protoplanetary discs.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Radiative-transfer (RT) is a fundamental part of modelling exoplanet atmospheres with general circulation models (GCMs). An accurate RT scheme is required for estimates of the atmospheric energy transport and for gaining physical insight from model spectra. We implement three RT schemes for Exo-FMS: semigrey, non-grey 'picket fence', and real gas with correlated-k. We benchmark the Exo-FMS GCM, using these RT schemes to hot Jupiter simulation results from the literature. We perform a HD 209458b-like simulation with the three schemes and compare their results. These simulations are then post-processed to compare their observable differences. The semigrey scheme results show qualitative agreement with previous studies in line with variations seen between GCM models. The real gas model reproduces well the temperature and dynamical structures from other studies. After post-processing our non-grey picket fence scheme compares very favourably with the real gas model, producing similar transmission spectra, emission spectra, and phase curve behaviours. Exo-FMS is able to reliably reproduce the essential features of contemporary GCM models in the hot gas giant regime. Our results suggest the picket fence approach offers a simple way to improve upon RT realism beyond semigrey schemes.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): As the characterization of exoplanet atmospheres proceeds, providing insights into atmospheric chemistry and composition, a key question is how much deeper into the planet we might be able to see from its atmospheric properties alone. For small planets with modest atmospheres and equilibrium temperatures, the first layer below the atmosphere will be their rocky surface. For such warm rocky planets, broadly Venus-like planets, the high temperatures and moderate pressures at the base of their atmospheres may enable thermochemical equilibrium between rock and gas. This links the composition of the surface to that of the observable atmosphere. Using an equilibrium chemistry code, we find a boundary in surface pressure-temperature space which simultaneously separates distinct mineralogical regimes and atmospheric regimes, potentially enabling inference of surface mineralogy from spectroscopic observations of the atmosphere. Weak constraints on the surface pressure and temperature also emerge. This regime boundary corresponds to conditions under which SO2 is oxidized and absorbed by calcium-bearing minerals in the crust, thus the two regimes reflect the sulphidation of the crust. The existence of these atmospheric regimes for Venus-like planets is robust to plausible changes in the elemental composition. Our results pave the way to the prospect of characterizing exoplanetary surfaces as new data for short period rocky planet atmospheres emerge.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Recent work investigating the impact of winds and outflows from active galactic nuclei (AGNs) on the habitability of exoplanets suggests that such activity could be deleterious for the long-term survival of planetary atmospheres and the habitability of planets subject to such winds. Here, we discuss the relative importance of the effect of AGN winds compared to stellar winds and the effect of the planet's magnetosphere and stellar irradiation and conclude that AGN winds are not likely to play a significant role in the evolution of atmospheric conditions in planets under conditions otherwise favourable for habitability.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Absorption lines from exoplanet atmospheres observed in transmission allow us to study atmospheric characteristics such as winds. We present a new high-resolution transit time-series of HD 189733b, acquired with the PEPSI instrument at the LBT and analyse the transmission spectrum around the Na d lines. We model the spectral signature of the RM-CLV-effect using synthetic PHOENIX spectra based on spherical LTE atmospheric models. We find an Na d absorption signature between the second and third contact but not during the ingress and egress phases, which casts doubt on the planetary origin of the signal. Presupposing a planetary origin of the signal, the results suggest a weak day-to-nightside streaming wind in the order of 0.7 km s(-1) and a moderate super-rotational streaming wind in the order of 3-4 km s(-1), challenging claims of prevailing strong winds on HD 189733b.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The chemical abundances of exoplanet atmospheres may provide valuable information about the bulk compositions, formation pathways, and evolutionary histories of planets. Exoplanets with large, relatively cloud-free atmospheres, and which orbit bright stars provide the best opportunities for accurate abundance measurements. For this reason, we measured the transmission spectrum of the bright (V similar to 10.2), large (1.37 R-J), sub-Saturn mass (0.19M(J)) exoplanet WASP-127b across the near-UV to near-infrared wavelength range (0.3-5 mu m), using the Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. Our results show a feature-rich transmission spectrum, with absorption from Na, H2O, and CO2, and wavelength-dependent scattering from small-particle condensates. We ran two types of atmospheric retrieval models: one enforcing chemical equilibrium, and the other which fit the abundances freely. Our retrieved abundances at chemical equilibrium for Na, O, and C are all supersolar, with abundances relative to solar values of 9(-6)(+15), 16(-5)(+7), and 26(-9)(+12), respectively. Despite giving conflicting C/O ratios, both retrievals gave supersolar CO2 volume mixing ratios, which adds to the likelihood that WASP-127b's bulk metallicity is supersolar, since CO2 abundance is highly sensitive to atmospheric metallicity. We detect water at a significance of 13.7 sigma. Our detection of Na is in agreement with previous ground-based detections, though we find a much lower abundance, and we also do not find evidence for Li or K despite increased sensitivity. In the future, spectroscopy with James Webb Space Telescope will be able to constrain WASP-127b's C/O ratio, and may reveal the formation history of this metal-enriched, highly observable exoplanet.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The characterization of exoplanet atmospheres has proven to be successful using high-resolution spectroscopy. Phase curve observations of hot/ultra-hot Jupiters can reveal their compositions and thermal structures, thereby allowing the detection of molecules and atoms in the planetary atmosphere using the cross-correlation technique. We present pre-eclipse observations of the ultra-hot Jupiter, MASCARA-1b, observed with the recently upgraded CRIRES+ high-resolution infrared spectrograph at the VLT. We report a detection of Fe ( 8.3sigma) in theK-band and confirm previous detections of CO (>15sigma) and H2O (>10sigma) in the day-side atmosphere of MASCARA-1b. Using a Bayesian inference framework, we retrieve the abundances of the detected species and constrain planetary orbital velocities,T-Pprofiles, and the carbon-to-oxygen ratio (C/O). A free retrieval results in an elevated CO abundance (log10(chi12CO) = -2.85+0.57-0.69), leading to a supersolar C/O ratio. More realistically, allowing for vertically-varying chemistry in the atmosphere by incorporating a chemical-equilibrium model results in a C/O of0.68+0.12-0.22and a metallicity of[M/H] = 0.62+0.28-0.55, both consistent with solar values. Finally, we also report a slight offset of the Fe feature in bothKpandvsysthat could be a signature of atmospheric dynamics. Due to the 3D structure of exoplanet atmospheres and the exclusion of time/phase dependence in our 1D forward models, further follow-up observations and analysis are required to confirm or refute this result.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The study of exoplanets and especially their atmospheres can reveal key insights on their evolution by identifying specific atmospheric species. For such atmospheric investigations, high-resolution transmission spectroscopy has shown great success, especially for Jupiter-type planets. Towards the atmospheric characterization of smaller planets, the super-Earth exoplanet 55 Cnc e is one of the most promising terrestrial exoplanets studied to date. Here, we present a high-resolution spectroscopic transit observation of this planet, acquired with the PEPSI instrument at the Large Binocular Telescope. Assuming the presence of Earth-like crust species on the surface of 55 Cnc e, from which a possible silicate-vapor atmosphere could have originated, we search in its transmission spectrum for absorption of various atomic and ionized species such as Fe , Fe (+), Ca , Ca (+), Mg, and K , among others. Not finding absorption for any of the investigated species, we are able to set absorption limits with a median value of 1.9 x R-P. In conclusion, we do not find evidence of a widely extended silicate envelope on this super-Earth reaching several planetary radii.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): A key first step to constrain the impact of energetic particles in exoplanet atmospheres is to detect the chemical signature of ionization due to stellar energetic particles and Galactic cosmic rays. We focus on GJ 436, a well-studied M dwarf with a warm Neptune-like exoplanet. We demonstrate how the maximum stellar energetic particle momentum can be estimated from the stellar X-ray luminosity. We model energetic particle transport through the atmosphere of a hypothetical exoplanet at orbital distances between a = 0.01 and 0.2 au from GJ 436, including GJ 436 b's orbital distance (0.028 au). For these distances, we find that, at the top of atmosphere, stellar energetic particles ionize molecular hydrogen at a rate of zeta(StEP,H2) similar to 4 x 10(-10) to 2 x 10(-13) s(-1). In comparison, Galactic cosmic rays alone lead to zeta(GCR,H2) similar to 2 x 10(-20)-10(-18) s(-1). At 10 au, we find that ionization due to Galactic cosmic rays equals that of stellar energetic particles: zeta(GCR,H2) = zeta(StEP,H2) similar to 7 x 10(-18) s(-1) for the top-of-atmosphere ionization rate. At GJ 436 b's orbital distance, the maximum ion-pair production rate due to stellar energetic particles occurs at pressure P similar to 10(-3) bar, while Galactic cosmic rays dominate for P > 10(2) bar. These high pressures are similar to what is expected for a post-impact early Earth atmosphere. The results presented here will be used to quantify the chemical signatures of energetic particles in warm Neptune-like atmospheres.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The atmospheres of synchronously rotating exoplanets are intrinsically 3D, and fast vertical and horizontal winds are expected to mix the atmosphere, driving the chemical composition out of equilibrium. Due to the longer computation times associated with multidimensional forward models, horizontal mixing has only been investigated for a few case studies. In this paper, we aim to generalize the impact of horizontal and vertical mixing on the chemistry of exoplanet atmospheres over a large parameter space. We do this by applying a sequence of post-processed forward models for a large grid of synchronously rotating gaseous exoplanets, where we vary the effective temperature (between 400 and 2600 K), surface gravity, and rotation rate. We find that there is a dichotomy in the horizontal homogeneity of the chemical abundances. Planets with effective temperatures below 1400 K tend to have horizontally homogeneous, vertically quenched chemical compositions, while planets hotter than 1400 K exhibit large compositional day-night differences for molecules such as CH4. Furthermore, we find that the planet's rotation rate impacts the planetary climate, and thus also the molecular abundances and transmission spectrum. By employing a hierarchical modelling approach, we assess the relative importance of disequilibrium chemistry on the exoplanet transmission spectrum, and conclude that the temperature has the most profound impact. Temperature differences are also the main cause of limb asymmetries, which we estimate could be observable with the James Webb Space Telescope. This work highlights the value of applying a consistent modelling setup to a broad parameter space in exploratory theoretical research.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We report transmission spectroscopy of the bloated hot Jupiter WASP-74b in the wavelength range from 4000 to 6200 angstrom. We observe two transit events with the Very Large Telescope (VLT) Focal Reducer and Spectrograph and present a new method to measure the exoplanet transit depth as a function of wavelength. The new method removes the need for a reference star in correcting the spectroscopic light curves for the impact of atmospheric extinction. It also provides improved precision, compared to other techniques, reaching an average transit depth uncertainty of 211 ppm for a solar-type star of V = 9.8 mag and over wavelength bins of 80 angstrom. The VLT transmission spectrum is analysed both individually and in combination with published data from Hubble Space Telescope and Spitzer. The spectrum is found to exhibit a mostly featureless slope and equilibrium chemistry retrievals with platon favour hazes in the upper atmosphere of the exoplanet. Free chemistry retrievals with aura further support the presence of hazes. While additional constraints are possible depending on the choice of atmospheric model, they are not robust and may be influenced by residual systematics in the data sets. Our results demonstrate the utility of new techniques in the analysis of optical, ground-based spectroscopic data and can be highly complementary to follow-up observations in the infrared with JWST.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Emission spectroscopy is a promising technique to observe atmospheres of rocky exoplanets, probing both their chemistry and thermal profiles. We present hydro, an atmospheric retrieval framework for thermal emission spectra of rocky exoplanets. hydro does not make prior assumptions about the background atmospheric composition, and can therefore be used to interpret spectra of secondary atmospheres with unknown compositions. We use hydro to assess the chemical constraints which can be placed on rocky exoplanet atmospheres using JWST. First, we identify the best currently known rocky exoplanet candidates for spectroscopic observations in thermal emission with JWST, finding >30 known rocky exoplanets whose thermal emission will be detectable by JWST/MIRI in fewer than 10 eclipses at R similar to 10. We then consider the observations required to characterize the atmospheres of three promising rocky exoplanets across the similar to 400-800 K equilibrium temperature range: Trappist-1 b, GJ 1132 b, and LHS 3844 b. Considering a range of CO2- to H2O-rich atmospheric compositions, we find that as few as eight eclipses of LHS 3844 b or GJ 1132 b with MIRI LRS will be able to place important constraints on the chemical compositions of their atmospheres. This includes confident detections of CO2 and H2O in the case of a cloud-free CO2-rich composition, besides ruling out a bare rock scenario. Similarly, 30 eclipses of Trappist-1 b with MIRI LRS can allow detections of a cloud-free CO2-rich or CO2-H2O atmosphere. hydro will allow important atmospheric constraints for rocky exoplanets using JWST observations, providing clues about their geochemical environments.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We investigate the effect of observing cadence on the precision of radius ratio values obtained from transit light curves by performing uniform Markov chain Monte Carlo fits of 46 exoplanets observed by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) in multiple cadences. We find median improvements of almost 50 per cent when comparing fits to 20 and 120 s cadence light curves to 1800 s cadence light curves, and of 37 per cent when comparing 600 s cadence to 1800 s cadence. Such improvements in radius precision are important, for example, to precisely constrain the properties of the radius valley or to characterize exoplanet atmospheres. We also implement a numerical information analysis to predict the precision of parameter estimates for different observing cadences. We tested this analysis on our sample and found that it reliably predicts the effect of shortening observing cadence with errors in the predicted percentage precision of less than or similar to 0.5 per cent for most cases. We apply this method to 157 TESS objects of interest that have only been observed with 1800 s cadence to predict the precision improvement that could be obtained by reobservations with shorter cadences and provide the full table of expected improvements. We report the 10 planet candidates that would benefit the most from reobservations at short cadence. Our implementation of the information analysis for the prediction of the precision of exoplanet parameters, Prediction of Exoplanet Precisions using Information in Transit Analysis, is made publicly available.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The characterization of exoplanet atmospheres has proven to be successful using high-resolution spectroscopy. Phase curve observations of hot/ultra-hot Jupiters can reveal their compositions and thermal structures, thereby allowing the detection of molecules and atoms in the planetary atmosphere using the cross-correlation technique. We present pre-eclipse observations of the ultra-hot Jupiter, MASCARA-1b, observed with the recently upgraded CRIRES+ high-resolution infrared spectrograph at the VLT. We report a detection of Fe (approximate to 8.3 sigma) in the K-band and confirm previous detections of CO (>15 sigma) and H2O (>10 sigma) in the day-side atmosphere of MASCARA-1b. Using a Bayesian inference framework, we retrieve the abundances of the detected species and constrain planetary orbital velocities, T-P profiles, and the carbon-to-oxygen ratio (C/O). A free retrieval results in an elevated CO abundance (log(10)(chi(12CO)) = -2.85(-0.69)(+0.57)), leading to a supersolar C/O ratio. More realistically, allowing for vertically-varying chemistry in the atmosphere by incorporating a chemical-equilibrium model results in a C/O of 0.68(-0.22)(+0.12) and a metallicity of [M/H] = 0.62(-0.55)(+0.28), both consistent with solar values. Finally, we also report a slight offset of the Fe feature in both K-p and v(sys) that could be a signature of atmospheric dynamics. Due to the 3D structure of exoplanet atmospheres and the exclusion of time/phase dependence in our 1D forward models, further follow-up observations and analysis are required to confirm or refute this result.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The recently developed JWST Exoplanet Observation Simulator (JexoSim) simulates transit spectroscopic observations of exoplanets by JWST with each of its four instruments using a time-domain approach. Previously, we reported the validation of JexoSim against Pandexo and instrument team simulators. In the present study, we report a substantially enhanced version, JexoSim 2.0, which improves on the original version through incorporation of new noise sources, enhanced treatment of stellar and planetary signals and instrumental effects, as well as improved user-operability and optimizations for increased speed and efficiency. A near complete set of instrument modes for exoplanet time-series observations is now included. In this paper, we report the implementation of JexoSim 2.0 and assess performance metrics for JWST in end-member scenarios using the hot Jupiter HD 209458 b and the mini-Neptune K2-18 b. We show how JexoSim can be used to compare performance across the different JWST instruments, selecting an optimal combination of instrument and subarray modes, producing synthetic transmission spectra for each planet. These studies indicate that the 1.4 mu m water feature detected in the atmosphere of K2-18 b using the Hubble WFC3 might be observable in just one transit observation with JWST with either NIRISS or NIRSpec. JexoSim 2.0 can be used to investigate the impact of complex noise and systematic effects on the final spectrum, plan observations and test the feasibility of novel science cases for JWST. It can also be customized for other astrophysical applications beyond exoplanet spectroscopy. JexoSim 2.0 is now available for use by the scientific community.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Discovering transiting exoplanets with relatively long orbital periods (>10 d) is crucial to facilitate the study of cool exoplanet atmospheres (T-eq < 700 K) and to understand exoplanet formation and inward migration further out than typical transiting exoplanets. In order to discover these longer period transiting exoplanets, long-term photometric, and radial velocity campaigns are required. We report the discovery of TOI-2447 b (=NGTS-29 b), a Saturn-mass transiting exoplanet orbiting a bright (T = 10.0) Solar-type star (T-eff = 5730 K). TOI-2447 b was identified as a transiting exoplanet candidate from a single transit event of 1.3 per cent depth and 7.29 h duration in TESS Sector 31 and a prior transit event from 2017 in NGTS data. Four further transit events were observed with NGTS photometry which revealed an orbital period of P = 69.34 d. The transit events establish a radius for TOI-2447 b of 0.865 +/- 0.010 R-J, while radial velocity measurements give a mass of 0.386 +/- 0.025 M-J. The equilibrium temperature of the planet is 414 K, making it much cooler than the majority of TESS planet discoveries. We also detect a transit signal in NGTS data not caused by TOI-2447 b, along with transit timing variations and evidence for a similar to 150 d signal in radial velocity measurements. It is likely that the system hosts additional planets, but further photometry and radial velocity campaigns will be needed to determine their parameters with confidence. TOI-2447 b/NGTS-29 b joins a small but growing population of cool giants that will provide crucial insights into giant planet composition and formation mechanisms.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Transit observations in the helium triplet around 10 830 Angstrom are a successful tool to study exoplanetary atmospheres and their mass loss. Forming those lines requires ionization and recombination of helium in the exoplanetary atmosphere. This ionization is caused by stellar photons at extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths; however, no currently active telescopes can observe this part of the stellar spectrum. The relevant part of the stellar EUV spectrum consists of individual emission lines, many of them being formed by iron at coronal temperatures. The stellar iron abundance in the corona is often observed to be depleted for high-activity low-mass stars due to the first ionization potential (FIP) effect. I show that stars with high versus low coronal iron abundances follow different scaling laws that tie together their X-ray emission and the narrow-band EUV flux that causes helium ionization. I also show that the stellar iron to oxygen abundance ratio in the corona can be measured reasonably well from X-ray CCD spectra, yielding similar results to high-resolution X-ray observations. Taking coronal iron abundance into account, the currently observed large scatter in the relationship of EUV irradiation with exoplanetary helium transit depths can be reduced, improving the target selection criteria for exoplanet transmission spectroscopy. In particular, previously puzzling non-detections of helium for Neptunic exoplanets are now in line with expectations from the revised scaling laws.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The chemical abundances of gas-giant exoplanet atmospheres hold clues to the formation and evolution pathways that sculpt the exoplanet population. Recent ground-based high-resolution spectroscopic observations of the non-transiting hot Jupiter r Bo & ouml;tis b from different instruments have resulted in a tension on the presence of water vapour in the planet's atmosphere, which impact the planet's inferred C/O and metallicity. To investigate this, we revisit the archival CRIRES observations of the planet's day-side in the wavelength range 2.28-2.33 mu m. We re-analyse them using the latest methods for correcting stellar and telluric systematics, and free- and equilibrium-chemistry Bayesian atmospheric retrieval. We find that a spurious detection of CH(4 )can arise from inadequate telluric correction. We confirm the detection of CO and constrain its abundance to be near solar log(10)(CO) = -3.44 (+ 1 . 63) (- 0.85) volume mixing ratios (VMR). We find a marginal evidence for H2O with log(10)(H2O) = -5.13 (+ 1 . 22) (- 6.37) VMR. This translates to super solar C/O (0.95( - 0.31)( + 0.06) ), marginally sub-solar metallicity (-0.21 (+ 1 . 66) (- 0.87) ). Due to the relatively large uncertainty on H2O abundance, we cannot confidently resolve the tension on the presence of H2O and the super-solar atmospheric metallicity of r Bo & ouml;tis b. We recommend further observations of r Bo & ouml;tis b in the wavelength ranges simultaneously covering CO and H2O to confirm the peculiar case of the planet's super-solar C/O and metallicity.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We have performed low-resolution ground-based spectroscopy of HATS-46 b in transmission, using the EFOSC2 instrument on the ESO New Technology Telescope (NTT). HATS-46 b is a highly inflated exoplanet that is a prime target for transmission spectroscopy, having a Jupiter-like radius (0.95 R-Jup) but a much lower mass (0.16 M-Jup). It orbits a G-type star with a 4.7 d period, giving an equilibrium temperature of 1100 K. We observed one transit of HATS-46 b with the NTT, with the time-series spectra covering a wavelength range of 3900-9000 angstrom at a resolution (R) of similar to 380. We achieved a remarkably precise transmission spectrum of 1.03 x photon noise, with a median uncertainty of 357 ppm for similar to 200 angstrom-wide bins, despite the relative faintness of the host star with V-mag = 13.6. The transmission spectrum does not show strong absorption features and retrievals favour a cloudy model, ruling out a clear atmosphere with 3.0 sigma confidence. We also place a conservative upper limit on the sodium abundance under the alternative scenario of a clear atmosphere. This is the eighth planet in the LRG-BEASTS (Low-Resolution Ground-Based Exoplanet Atmosphere Survey using Transmission Spectroscopy) survey, which uses 4 m-class telescopes such as the NTT to obtain low-resolution transmission spectra of hot Jupiters with precisions of around one atmospheric scale height.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Clouds and other features in exoplanet and brown dwarf atmospheres cause variations in brightness as they rotate in and out of view. Ground-based instruments reach the high contrasts and small inner working angles needed to monitor these faint companions, but their small fields of view lack simultaneous photometric references to correct for non-astrophysical variations. We present a novel approach for making ground-based light curves of directly imaged companions using high-cadence differential spectrophotometric monitoring, where the simultaneous reference is provided by a double-grating 360 degrees vector Apodizing Phase Plate (dgvAPP360) coronagraph. The dgvAPP360 enables high-contrast companion detections without blocking the host star, allowing it to be used as a simultaneous reference. To further reduce systematic noise, we emulate exoplanet transmission spectroscopy, where the light is spectrally dispersed and then recombined into white-light flux. We do this by combining the dgvAPP360 with the infrared Arizona Lenslets for Exoplanet Spectroscopy integral field spectrograph on the Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer. To demonstrate, we observed the red companion HD 1160 B (separation similar to 780 mas) for one night, and detect semi-amplitude sinusoidal variability with an similar to 3.24 h period in its detrended white-light curve. We achieve the greatest precision in ground-based high-contrast imaging light curves of sub-arcsecond companions to date, reaching precision per 18-min bin. Individual wavelength channels spanning 3.59-3.99 mu m further show tentative evidence of increasing variability with wavelength. We find no evidence yet of a systematic noise floor; hence, additional observations can further improve the precision. This is therefore a promising avenue for future work aiming to map storms or find transiting exomoons around giant exoplanets.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The JWST has ushered in a new era of exoplanet transit spectroscopy. Among the JWST instruments, the Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) has the most extensive set of configurations for exoplanet time-series observations. The NIRSpec Prism and G395H grating represent two extremes in NIRSpec instrument modes, with the Prism spanning a wider spectral range (0.6-5.3 mu m) at lower resolution (R similar to 100) compared to G395H (2.87-5.14 mu m; R similar to 2700). In this work, we develop a new data reduction framework, JexoPipe, to conduct a homogeneous assessment of the two NIRSpec modes for exoplanet spectroscopy. We use observations of the hot Saturn WASP-39 b obtained as part of the JWST Transiting Exoplanet Early Release Science programme to assess the spectral quality and stability between the two instrument modes at different epochs. We explore the noise sources, effect of saturation, and offsets in transmission spectra between the different instrument modes and also between the two G395H NRS detectors. We find an inter-detector offset in G395H of similar to 40-50 ppm, consistent with recent studies. We find evidence for correlated noise in the Prism white light curve. We find the G395H spectrum to be of higher precision compared to the Prism spectrum at the same resolution. We also compare the JexoPipe spectra with those reported from other pipelines. Our work underscores the need for robust assessment of instrument performance and identification of optimal practices for JWST data reduction and analyses.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and the upcoming mission PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars (PLATO) represent two space-based missions with complementary objectives in the field of exoplanet science. While TESS aims at detecting and characterizing exoplanets around bright and nearby stars on a relative short-period orbit, PLATO will discover a wide range of exoplanets including rocky planets within the habitable zones of their stars. We analyse mono-transit events in TESS data around stars that will or could be monitored by the PLATO mission, offering a unique opportunity to bridge the knowledge gap between the two missions and gain deeper insights into exoplanet demographics and system architectures. We found 48 TESS mono-transit events around stars contained in the all-sky PLATO Input Catalog; of these, at least four will be imaged on the first long-pointing PLATO field, LOPS2. We uniformly vetted this sample to rule out possible false positive detections thus removing 10 signals from the original sample. We developed an analytic method which allows us to estimate both the orbital period and inclination of a mono-transit planet candidate using only the shape of the transit. We derived the orbital period and inclination estimates for 30 TESS mono-transit planet candidates. Finally, we investigated whether these candidates are amenable targets for a CHaracterising ExOPlanets Satellite observing campaign.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The high-precision measurements of exoplanet transit light curves that are now available contain information about the planet properties, their orbital parameters, and stellar limb darkening (LD). Recent 3D magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) simulations of stellar atmospheres have shown that LD depends on the photospheric magnetic field, and hence its precise determination can be used to estimate the field strength. Among existing LD laws, the uses of the simplest ones may lead to biased inferences, whereas the uses of complex laws typically lead to a large degeneracy among the LD parameters. We have developed a novel approach in which we use a complex LD model but with second derivative regularization during the fitting process. Regularization controls the complexity of the model appropriately and reduces the degeneracy among LD parameters, thus resulting in precise inferences. The tests on simulated data suggest that our inferences are not only precise but also accurate. This technique is used to re-analyse 43 transit light curves measured by the NASA Kepler and Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite missions. Comparisons of our LD inferences with the corresponding literature values show good agreement, while the precisions of our measurements are better by up to a factor of 2. We find that 1D non-magnetic model atmospheres fail to reproduce the observations while 3D MHD simulations are qualitatively consistent. The LD measurements, together with MHD simulations, confirm that Kepler-17, WASP-18, and KELT-24 have relatively high magnetic fields ($\\gt 200$ G). This study paves the way for estimating the stellar surface magnetic field using the LD measurements.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): High-resolution precision spectroscopy provides a multitude of robust techniques for probing exoplanetary atmospheres. We present multiple VLT/ESPRESSO transit observations of the hot-Jupiter exoplanet WASP-19b with previously published but disputed atmospheric features from low resolution studies. Through spectral synthesis and modelling of the Rossiter-McLaughlin (RM) effect we calculate stellar, orbital and physical parameters for the system. From narrow-band spectroscopy we do not detect any of Hi, Fei, Mgi, Cai, Nai, and Ki neutral species, placing upper limits on their line contrasts. Through cross-correlation analyses with atmospheric models, we do not detect Fei and place a 3 sigma upper limit of on its mass fraction, from injection and retrieval. We show the inability to detect the presence of H2O for known abundances, owing to lack of strong absorption bands, as well as relatively low S/N ratio. We detect a barely significant peak (3.02 +/- 0.15 sigma) in the cross-correlation map for TiO, consistent with the sub-solar abundance previously reported. This is merely a hint for the presence of TiO and does not constitute a confirmation. However, we do confirm the presence of previously observed enhanced scattering towards blue wavelengths, through chromatic RM measurements, pointing to a hazy atmosphere. We finally present a reanalysis of low-resolution transmission spectra of this exoplanet, concluding that unocculted starspots alone cannot explain previously detected features. Our reanalysis of the FORS2 spectra of WASP-19b finds a similar to 100x sub-solar TiO abundance, precisely constrained to , consistent with the TiO hint from ESPRESSO. We present plausible paths to reconciliation with other seemingly contradicting results.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: The presence of aerosols in an exoplanet atmosphere can veil the underlying material and can lead to a flat transmission spectrum during primary transit observations. In this work, we explore forward scattering effects from supermicron-sized aerosol particles present in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. We find that the impacts of forward scattering from larger aerosols can significantly impact exoplanet transits and the strength of these effects can be dependent on wavelength. In certain cloud configurations, the forward-scattered light can effectively pass through the clouds unhindered, thus rendering the clouds transparent. The dependence of the aerosol scattering properties on wavelength can then lead to a positive slope in the transit spectrum. These slopes are characteristically different from both Rayleigh and aerosol absorption slopes. As examples, we demonstrate scattering effects for both a rocky world and a hot Jupiter. In these models, the predicted spectral slopes due to forward-scattering effects can manifest in the transit spectrum at the level of similar to 10-similar to 100 s of parts per million and, hence, could be observable with NASA's JWST.; Example output: [['aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres','veil','underlying atmospheric material'],['supermicron-sized aerosol particles','produce','forward scattering effects'],['forward scattering effects','impact','exoplanet transit observations'],['forward scattering effects','vary_with','wavelength'],['forward-scattered light','penetrates','clouds'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','Rayleigh scattering slopes'],['transit spectrum slopes','differ_from','aerosol absorption slopes'],['rocky world models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['hot Jupiter models','demonstrate','forward scattering effects'],['predicted spectral slopes','reach','10-100 ppm levels'],['JWST','may_observe','forward scattering-induced spectral slopes']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Retrieval methods are a powerful analysis technique for modelling exoplanetary atmospheres by estimating the bulk physical and chemical properties that combine in a forward model to best fit an observed spectrum, and they are increasingly being applied to observations of directly imaged exoplanets. We have adapted taurex3, the Bayesian retrieval suite, for the analysis of near-infrared spectrophotometry from directly imaged gas giant exoplanets and brown dwarfs. We demonstrate taurex3's applicability to sub-stellar atmospheres by presenting results for brown dwarf benchmark GJ 570D which are consistent with previous retrieval studies, whilst also exhibiting systematic biases associated with the presence of alkali lines. We also present results for the cool exoplanet 51 Eri b, the first application of a free chemistry retrieval analysis to this object, using spectroscopic observations from GPI and SPHERE. While our retrieval analysis is able to explain spectroscopic and photometric observations without employing cloud extinction, we conclude this may be a result of employing a flexible temperature-pressure profile which is able to mimic the presence of clouds. We present Bayesian evidence for an ammonia detection with a 2.7 & sigma; confidence, the first indication of ammonia in a directly imaged exoplanetary atmosphere. This is consistent with this molecule being present in brown dwarfs of a similar spectral type. We demonstrate the chemical similarities between 51 Eri b and GJ 570D in relation to their retrieved molecular abundances. Finally, we show that overall retrieval conclusions for 51 Eri b can vary when employing different spectral data and modelling components, such as temperature-pressure and cloud structures.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Supermassive black holes dominate the gravitational potential in galactic nuclei. In these dense environments, stars follow nearly Keplerian orbits and see their orbital planes relax through the potential fluctuations generated by the stellar cluster itself. For typical astrophysical galactic nuclei, the most likely outcome of this vector resonant relaxation is that the orbital planes of the most massive stars spontaneously self-align within a narrow disc. We present a maximum entropy method to systematically determine this long-term distribution of orientations and use it for a wide range of stellar orbital parameters and initial conditions. The heaviest stellar objects are found to live within a thin equatorial disc. The thickness of this disk depends on the stars' initial mass function, and on the geometry of the initial cluster. This work highlights a possible (indirect) novel method to constrain the distribution of intermediate mass black holes in galactic nuclei.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We present the intracluster kinematics and dynamics of three open clusters: NGC 1193, NGC 2355, and King 12 by incorporating kinematical and photometric data from Gaia DR3, as well as a ground-based telescope. After selecting cluster members based on proper motion data, clusters' fundamental and structural parameters are investigated. We found the clusters at distances of 4.45, 1.97, and 3.34 kpc from the Sun in the direction of the Galactic anticentre. The luminosity function of the cluster NGC 1193 is flat, whereas it advances towards the fainter ends of the other two clusters. We observed a dip in the luminosity function of King 12. The mass function slopes for all three clusters differ from the solar neighbourhood reported by Salpeter, with NGC 1193 and NGC 2355 being flatter and King 12 having a higher value than the Salpeter value. The intra-cluster kinematics depict that stars in King 12 are moving outwards due to tidal forces from the Galactic disc, which we confirmed by plotting the cluster's orbit in the Galaxy. Stars in NGC 2355 are moving with smaller relative velocities and have zero mean relative motion, which signifies that the cluster is neither contracting nor evaporating. The Galactic orbits of NGC 1193 suggest that it is orbiting farther from the Galactic disc, and so is less impacted by the Galactic tidal forces.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We present an analytic model of the stellar mass distribution of the Milky Way bar. The model is obtained by fitting a multicomponent parametric density distribution to a made-to-measure N-body model of Portail et al., constructed to match a variety of density and kinematics observational data. The analytic model reproduces in detail the 3D density distribution of the N-body bar including the X-shape. The model and the gravitational potential it generates are available as part of the software package AGAMA for galactic dynamics, and can be readily used for orbit integrations, hydrodynamical simulations, or other applications.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We present a preliminary analysis of the effect of dynamical friction on the orbits of part of the globular clusters in our Galaxy. Our study considers an anisotropic velocity dispersion field approximated using the results of studies in the literature. An axisymmetric Galactic model with mass components consisting of a disc, a bulge, and a dark halo is employed in the computations. We provide a method to compute the dynamical friction acceleration in ellipsoidal, oblate, and prolate velocity distribution functions with similar density in velocity space. Orbital properties, such as mean time-variations of perigalactic and apogalactic distances, energy, and z-component of angular momentum, are obtained for globular clusters lying in the Galactic region R less than or similar to 10 kpc, |z| less than or similar to 5 kpc, with R, z cylindrical coordinates. These include clusters in prograde and retrograde orbital motion. Several clusters are strongly affected by dynamical friction, in particular Liller 1, Terzan 4, Terzan 5, NGC 6440, and NGC 6553, which lie in the Galactic inner region. We comment on the more relevant implications of our results on the dynamics of Galactic globular clusters, such as their possible misclassification between the categories 'halo', 'bulge', and 'thick disc', the resulting biasing of globular-cluster samples, the possible incorrect association of the globulars with their parent dwarf galaxies for accretion events, and the possible formation of 'nuclear star clusters'.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The origin of the Fermi bubbles, which constitute two gamma-ray emitting lobes above and below the Galactic plane, remains unclear. The possibility that this Fermi bubbles gamma-ray emission originates from hadronic cosmic rays advected by a subsonic Galactic outflow, or breeze, is here explored. The simulation of a breeze solution and subsequent cosmic ray transport is carried out using the hydrodynamical code, PLUTO, in combination with a cosmic ray transport code. The Galactic outflow model obtained is found to be compatible with both inferences of the decelerating outflow velocity profile of the gas in the Fermi bubbles region, and evidence for the presence of a large amount of hot ionized gas out in the Galactic halo region. Although simple, this model is found to be able to reproduce the observed Fermi-LAT energy flux at high Galactic latitudes. Following these results a prediction concerning the gamma-ray emission for 1-3 TeV photons is made for future comparison with CTA/SWGO measurements.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We present a family of analytical potential-density pairs for barred discs, which can be combined to describe galactic bars in a realistic way, including boxy/peanut components. We illustrate this with two reasonably realistic compound models. Computer code for the evaluation of potential, forces, density, and projected density is freely provided.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The actual mechanism(s) powering galactic outflows in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) is still a matter of debate. At least two physical models have been considered in the literature: wind shocks and radiation pressure on dust. Here, we provide a first quantitative comparison of the AGN radiative feedback scenario with observations of galactic outflows. We directly compare our radiation pressure-driven shell models with the observational data from the most recent compilation of molecular outflows on galactic scales. We show that the observed dynamics and energetics of galactic outflows can be reproduced by AGN radiative feedback, with the inclusion of radiation trapping and/or luminosity evolution. The predicted scalings of the outflow energetics with AGN luminosity can also quantitatively account for the observational scaling relations. Furthermore, sources with both ultrafast and molecular outflow detections are found to be located in the 'forbidden' region of the N-H-lambda plane. Overall, an encouraging agreement is obtained over a wide range of AGN and host galaxy parameters. We discuss our results in the context of recent observational findings and numerical simulations. In conclusion, AGN radiative feedback is a promising mechanism for driving galactic outflows that should be considered, alongside wind feedback, in the interpretation of future observational data.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The nucleus of our nearest, large galactic neighbour, M31, contains an eccentric nuclear disc - a disc of stars on eccentric, apsidally aligned orbits around a supermassive black hole (SMBH). Previous studies of eccentric nuclear discs considered only an isolated disc, and did not study their dynamics under galaxy mergers (particularly a perturbing SMBH). Here, we present the first study of how eccentric discs are affected by a galactic merger. We perform N-body simulations to study the disc under a range of different possible SMBH initial conditions. A second SMBH in the disc always disrupts it, but more distant SMBHs can shut off differential precession and stabilize the disc. This results in a more aligned disc, nearly uniform eccentricity profile, and suppression of tidal disruption events compared to the isolated disc. We also discuss implications of our work for the presence of a secondary SMBH in M31.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The Central Molecular Zone (CMZ; the central & SIM;500 pc of the Galaxy) is a kinematically unusual environment relative to the Galactic disc, with high-velocity dispersions and a steep size-linewidth relation of the molecular clouds. In addition, the CMZ region has a significantly lower star formation rate (SFR) than expected by its large amount of dense gas. An important factor in explaining the low SFR is the turbulent state of the star-forming gas, which seems to be dominated by rotational modes. However, the turbulence driving mechanism remains unclear. In this work, we investigate how the Galactic gravitational potential affects the turbulence in CMZ clouds. We focus on the CMZ cloud G0.253+0.016 ('the Brick'), which is very quiescent and unlikely to be kinematically dominated by stellar feedback. We demonstrate that several kinematic properties of the Brick arise naturally in a cloud-scale hydrodynamics simulation, that takes into account the Galactic gravitational potential. These properties include the line-of-sight velocity distribution, the steepened size-linewidth relation, and the predominantly solenoidal nature of the turbulence. Within the simulation, these properties result from the Galactic shear in combination with the cloud's gravitational collapse. This is a strong indication that the Galactic gravitational potential plays a crucial role in shaping the CMZ gas kinematics, and is a major contributor to suppressing the SFR, by inducing predominantly solenoidal turbulent modes.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We search for high-velocity stars in the inner region of the Galactic bulge using a selected sample of red clump stars. Some of those stars might be considered hypervelocity stars (HVSs). Even though the HVSs ejection relies on an interaction with the supermassive black hole (SMBH) at the centre of the Galaxy, there are no confirmed detections of HVSs in the inner region of our Galaxy. With the detection of HVSs, ejection mechanism models can be constrained by exploring the stellar dynamics in the Galactic centre through a recent stellar interaction with the SMBH. Based on a previously developed methodology by our group, we searched with a sample of preliminary data from version 2 of the Vista Variables in the Via Lactea (VVV) Infrared Astrometric Catalogue (VIRAC2) and Gaia DR3 data, including accurate optical and near-infrared proper motions. This search resulted in a sample of 46 stars with transverse velocities larger than the local escape velocity within the Galactic bulge, of which four are prime candidate HVSs with high-proper motions consistent with being ejections from the Galactic centre. Adding to that, we studied a sample of reddened stars without a Gaia DR3 counterpart and found 481 stars with transverse velocities larger than the local escape velocity, from which 65 stars have proper motions pointing out of the Galactic centre and are candidate HVSs. In total, we found 69 candidate HVSs pointing away from the Galactic centre with transverse velocities larger than the local escape velocity.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): A major puzzle concerning the wide stellar binaries (semimajor axes a greater than or similar to 10(3) au) in the Solar neighbourhood is the origin of their observed superthermal eccentricity distribution function (DF), which is well approximated by P(e) (sic) e(alpha) with alpha approximate to 1.3. This DF evolves under the combined influence of (i) tidal torques from the Galactic disc and (ii) scattering by passing stars, molecular clouds, and substructure. Recently, it was demonstrated that Galactic tides alone cannot produce a superthermal eccentricity DF from an initially isotropic, non-superthermal one, under the restrictive assumptions that the eccentricity DF was initially of power-law form and then was rapidly phase-mixed toward a steady state by the tidal perturbation. In this paper, we first prove analytically that this conclusion is valid at all times, regardless of these assumptions. We then adopt a thin Galactic disc model and numerically integrate the equations of motion for several ensembles of tidally perturbed wide binaries to study the time evolution in detail. We find that even non-power-law DFs can be described by an effective power-law index alpha(eff) which accurately characterizes both their initial and final states, and that a DF with initial (effective or exact) power-law index a(i) is transformed by Galactic tides into another power law with index alpha(f) approximate to (1 + a(i))/2 on a time-scale similar to 4 Gyr (a/10(4)AU)(-3/2). In a companion paper, we investigate separately the effect of stellar scattering. As the GAIA data continues to improve, these results will place strong constraints on wide binary formation channels.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The third data release (DR3) of the European Space Agency satellite Gaia provides coordinates, parallaxes, proper motions, and radial velocities for a sample of similar to 34 million stars. We use the combined 6D phase space information to search for hypervelocity stars (HVSs), unbound stars accelerated by dynamical processes happening in the Galactic Centre. By looking at the kinematics of Gaia DR3 stars in Galactocentric coordinates and by integrating their orbits in the Galactic potential, we do not identify any HVS candidates with a velocity higher than 700 km s(-1) and robustly observed kinematics. Assuming a scenario wherein the interaction between a stellar binary and the massive black hole Sgr A* is responsible for HVS ejections from the Galactic Centre, we derive degenerate limits on the ejection rate of HVSs and the slope of the initial mass function of the primary star among binaries in the Galactic Centre. Our results indicate that the HVS ejection rate is less than or similar to 8 x 10(-5) yr(-1) assuming a Salpeter mass function, and this upper limit becomes progressively smaller for an increasingly top-heavy mass distribution. A fiducial HVS ejection rate of 10(-4) yr(-1) prefers a mass function slope less than or similar to-2.35, disfavouring previously claimed top-heavy initial mass functions among stars in the Galactic Centre.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We present the results of the kinematic investigations carried out with the use of spatial velocities of red giants and subgiants contained in the Gaia EDR3 catalogue. The 12 kinematic parameters of the Ogorodnikov-Milne model have been derived for stellar systems with radii of 0.5 and 1.0 kpc, located along the direction of the Galactic Centre-the Sun-the Galactic anticentre within the range of Galactocentric distances R= 0-8-16 kpc. By combining some of the local parameters, the information related to the Galaxy as a whole has been received in the distance range of 4-12 kpc, in particular the circular velocity curve of red giant and subgiant centroids, its slope, and velocity gradients. We show that when using this approach, there is an alternative possibility to infer the behaviour of the circular velocity curve of red giant and subgiant centroids and its slope without using the Galactocentric distance R-circle dot. The kinematic parameters derived within the solar vicinity of 1 kpc radius are in good agreement with those given in the literature.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The explicit derivation for the orbital precession of the S2 star in the Galactic Centre in the scalar-tensor-vector gravity is discussed and compared with previous research. The two different predictions are validated by numerically integrating the geodesic equations for a test particle.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We investigate the impact of gas accretion in streams on the evolution of disc galaxies, using magnetohydrodynamic simulations including advection and anisotropic diffusion of cosmic rays (CRs) generated by supernovae as the only source of feedback. Stream accretion has been suggested as an important galaxy growth mechanism in cosmological simulations and we vary their orientation and angular momentum in idealized setups. We find that accretion streams trigger the formation of galactic rings and enhanced star formation. The star formation rates and consequently the CR-driven outflow rates are higher for low angular momentum accretion streams, which also result in more compact, lower angular momentum discs. The CR generated outflows show a characteristic structure. At low outflow velocities (<50 km s(-1)), the angular momentum distribution is similar to the disc and the gas is in a fountain flow. Gas at high outflow velocities (>200 km s(-1)), penetrating deep into the halo, has close to zero angular momentum, and originates from the centre of the galaxies. As the mass loading factors of the CR-driven outflows are of the order of unity and higher, we conclude that this process is important for the removal of low angular momentum gas from evolving disc galaxies and the transport of, potentially metal enriched, material from galactic centres far into the galactic haloes.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): This work presents the Globular cluster Extra-tidal Mock Star (GEMS) catalogue of extra-tidal stars and binaries created via three-body dynamical encounters in globular cluster cores. Using the particle-spray code Corespray, we sample $N=50\\, 000$ extra-tidal stars and escaped recoil binaries for 159 Galactic globular clusters. Sky positions, kinematics, stellar properties, and escape information are provided for all simulated stars. Stellar orbits are integrated in seven different static and time-varying Milky Way gravitational potential models where the structure of the disc, perturbations from the Large Magellanic Cloud and the mass and sphericity of the Milky Way's dark matter halo are all investigated. We find that the action coordinates of the mock extra-tidal stars are largely Galactic model independent, where minor offsets and broadening of the distributions between models are likely due to interactions with substructure. Importantly, we also report the first evidence for stellar stream contamination by globular cluster core stars and binaries for clusters with pericentre radii larger than five kiloparsecs. Finally, we provide a quantitative tool that uses action coordinates to match field stars to host clusters with probabilities. Ultimately, combining data from the GEMS catalogue with information of observed stars will allow for association of extra-tidal field stars with any Galactic globular cluster; a requisite tool for understanding population-level dynamics and evolution of clusters in the Milky Way.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Studying coupling between different galactic components is a challenging problem in galactic dynamics. Using basis function expansions (BFEs) and multichannel singular spectrum analysis (mSSA) as a means of dynamical data mining, we discover evidence for two multicomponent disc-halo dipole modes in a Milky-Way-like simulated galaxy. One of the modes grows throughout the simulation, while the other decays throughout the simulation. The multicomponent disc-halo modes are driven primarily by the halo, and have implications for the structural evolution of galaxies, including observations of lopsidedness and other non-axisymmetric structure. In our simulation, the modes create surface density features up to 10 per cent relative to the equilibrium model stellar disc. While the simulated galaxy was constructed to be in equilibrium, BFE + mSSA also uncovered evidence of persistent periodic signals incited by aphysical initial conditions disequilibrium, including rings and weak two-armed spirals, both at the 1 per cent level. The method is sensitive to distinct evolutionary features at and even below the 1 per cent level of surface density variation. The use of mSSA produced clean signals for both modes and disequilibrium, efficiently removing variance owing to estimator noise from the input BFE time series. The discovery of multicomponent halo-disc modes is strong motivation for application of BFE + mSSA to the rich zoo of dynamics of multicomponent interacting galaxies.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We use low-amplitude long period variable (LA-LPV) candidates in Gaia DR3 to trace the kinematics and dynamics of the Milky Way bar. LA-LPVs, like other LPVs, are intrinsically bright and follow a tight period-luminosity relation, but unlike e.g. Mira variables, their radial velocity measurements are reliable due to their smaller pulsation amplitudes. We supplement the Gaia astrometric and radial velocity measurements with distance moduli assigned using a period-luminosity relation to acquire full 6D phase space information. The assigned distances are validated by comparing to geometric distances and StarHorse distances, which shows biases less than similar to 5 per cent. Our sample provides an unprecedented panoramic picture of the inner Galaxy with minimal selection effects. We map the kinematics of the inner Milky Way and find a significant kinematic signature corresponding to the Galactic bar. We measure the pattern speed of the Galactic bar using the continuity equation and find Omega(b )= 34.1 +/- 2.4 km s(-1) kpc(-1). We develop a simple robust and potential-independent method to measure the dynamical length of the bar using only kinematics and find R-b similar to 4.0 kpc. We validate both measurements using N-body simulations. Assuming knowledge of the gravitational potential of the inner Milky Way, we analyse the orbital structure of the Galactic bar using orbital frequency ratios. The x(1) orbits are the dominant bar-supporting orbital family in our sample. Amongst the selected bar stars, the x(1)v(1) or 'banana' orbits constitute a larger fraction (similar to 15 per cent) than other orbital families in the bar, implying that they are the dominant family contributing to the Galactic X-shape, although contributions from other orbital families are also present.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Supermassive black hole binaries are driven to merger by dynamical friction, loss-cone scattering of individual stars, disc migration, and gravitational wave emission. Two main formation scenarios are expected. Binaries that form in gas-poor galactic environments do not experience disc migration and likely enter the gravitational wave-dominated phase with roughly isotropic spin orientations. Comparatively, binaries that evolve in gas-rich galactic environments might experience prominent phases of disc accretion, where the Bardeen-Petterson effect acts to align the spins of the black holes with the orbital angular momentum of the disc. However, if the accretion disc breaks, alignment is expected to be strongly suppressed - a phenomenon that was recently shown to occur in a large portion of the parameter space. In this paper, we develop a semi-analytical model of joint gas-driven migration and spin alignment of supermassive black hole binaries taking into account the impact of disc breaking for the first time. Our model predicts the occurrence of distinct subpopulations of binaries depending on the efficiency of spin alignment. This implies that future gravitational wave observations of merging black holes could potentially be used to (i) discriminate between gas-rich and gas-poor hosts and (ii) constrain the dynamics of warped accretion discs.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The large-Galactic scales are connected to the many orders of magnitude smaller supermassive black hole (SMBH) scales by an episodic cycle of feeding and feedback. Active Galactic nuclei (AGN) are powered by accretion on to SMBH and the majority of AGN energy in near-Eddington regime is produced in thin subpc accretion discs. Currently, it is very difficult to model processes that occur on vastly different scales, ranging from the circumnuclear gas reservoirs at tens to hundreds of parsecs down to the accretion disc scales at <0.01 pc. While subgrid prescriptions used in large-scale or cosmological simulations are able to reproduce large-scale feedback, we propose using a more realistic model in parsec-scale simulations, where it is important to get accurate time-scales to understand how feedback affects gas dynamics and star formation in the vicinity of the AGN. To test our approach we use a subresolution thin accretion disc model coupled to the SMBH in a set of hydrodynamical simulations of a retrograde collision between a gas ring and a molecular cloud in an environment similar to the Galactic Centre using the SPH code Gadget-3. The disc-mediated feeding of the SMBH is relatively smooth and delayed compared to an instantaneous feeding prescription. While the reduction of accretion due to feedback is present in both accretion disc and instantaneous feeding simulations, a clear central cavity appears only in accretion disc runs - hinting that a less volatile accretion phase could have a greater impact on the surrounding gas.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Flattened axisymmetric galactic potentials are known to host minor orbit families surrounding orbits with commensurable frequencies. The behaviour of orbits that belong to these orbit families is fundamentally different than that of typical orbits with non-commensurable frequencies. We investigate the evolution of stellar streams on orbits near the boundaries between orbit families (separatrices) in a flattened axisymmetric potential. We demonstrate that the separatrix divides these streams into two groups of stars that belong to two different orbit families, and that as a result, these streams diffuse more rapidly than streams that evolve elsewhere in the potential. We utilize Hamiltonian perturbation theory to estimate both the time-scale of this effect and the likelihood of a stream evolving close enough to a separatrix to be affected by it. We analyse two prior reports of stream-fanning in simulations with triaxial potentials, and conclude that at least one of them is caused by separatrix divergence. These results lay the foundation for a method of mapping the orbit families of galactic potentials using the morphology of stellar streams. Comparing these predictions with the currently known distribution of streams in the Milky Way presents a new way of constraining the shape of our Galaxy's potential and distribution of dark matter.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The star formation efficiency (SFE) has been shown to vary across different environments, particularly within galactic starbursts and deep within the bulges of galaxies. Various quenching mechanisms may be responsible, ranging from galactic dynamics to feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Here, we use spatially resolved observations of warm ionized gas emission lines (H beta, [O iii] lambda lambda 4959,5007, [N ii] lambda lambda 6548,6583, H alpha and [S ii] lambda lambda 6716,6731) from the imaging Fourier transform spectrograph SITELLE at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) and cold molecular gas ((CO)-C-12(2-1)) from the Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) to study the SFE in the bulge of the AGN-host galaxy NGC 3169. After distinguishing star-forming regions from AGN-ionized regions using emission-line ratio diagnostics, we measure spatially resolved molecular gas depletion times (tau(dep) equivalent to 1/SFE) with a spatial resolution of approximate to 100 pc within a galactocentric radius of 1.8 kpc. We identify a star-forming ring located at radii 1.25 +/- 0.6 kpc with an average tau(dep) of 0.3 Gyr. At radii <0.9 kpc, however, the molecular gas surface densities and depletion times increase with decreasing radius, the latter reaching approximately 2.3 Gyr at a radius approximate to 500 pc. Based on analyses of the gas kinematics and comparisons with simulations, we identify AGN feedback, bulge morphology and dynamics as the possible causes of the radial profile of SFE observed in the central region of NGC 3169.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): In the currently accepted paradigm, dark matter is hypothesized as an explanation of the flat rotation curves of galaxies under the assumption of virialized orbits. The use of millisecond pulsar timing as a probe of Galactic dark matter content is explored as a means of relaxing this assumption. A method of inference of the Galactic potential using the frequency derivative is produced, and an estimate for a virialized Galactic rotation curve is given through direct observation of acceleration. The data set used includes 210 pulsars with known and astrometric properties, a subset of which also have measured . In principle, this enables the exploration of kinematic effects, but in practice, values are found to be too imprecise at present to adequately constrain radial velocities of pulsars. Additionally, surface magnetic field strengths are inferred from and the magnetic spin-down contribution to is estimated. For several pulsars, the radial velocity is known, and the kinematic contribution to is estimated accordingly. The binary orbital periods of PSR J1713+0747 and other binary pulsars are also used to constrain Galactic mass density models.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Stars in the Galactic disc, including the Solar system, have deviated from their birth orbits and have experienced radial mixing and vertical heating. By performing hydrodynamical simulations of a galactic disc, we investigate how much tracer particles, which are initially located in the disc to mimic newborn stars and the thin and thick disc stars, are displaced from initial near-circular orbits by gravitational interactions with giant molecular clouds (GMCs). To exclude the influence of other perturbers that can change the stellar orbits, such as spiral arms and the bar, we use an axisymmetric form for the entire galactic potential. First, we investigate the time evolution of the radial and vertical velocity dispersion & sigma;(R) and & sigma;(z) by comparing them with a power-law relation of & sigma; & PROP; t(& beta;). Although the exponents & beta; decrease with time, they keep large values of 0.3 & SIM; 0.6 for 1 Gyr, indicating fast and efficient disc heating. Next, we find that the efficient stellar scattering by GMCs also causes a change in angular momentum for each star and, therefore, radial migration. This effect is more pronounced in newborn stars than old disc stars; nearly 30 per cent of stars initially located on the galactic mid-plane move more than 1 kpc in the radial direction for 1 Gyr. The dynamical heating and radial migration drastically occur in the first several hundred Myr. As the amplitude of the vertical oscillation increases, the time spent in the galactic plane, where most GMCs are distributed, decreases, and the rate of an increase in the heating and migration slows down.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): In this study of the 'Resolving supermAssive Black hole Binaries In galacTic hydrodynamical Simulations' (RABBITS) series, we investigate the orbital evolution of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) during galaxy mergers. We simulate both disc and elliptical galaxy mergers using the KETJU code, which can simultaneously follow galaxy (hydro-)dynamics and small-scale SMBH dynamics with post-Newtonian corrections. With our SMBH binary subgrid model, we show how active galactic nuclei (AGNs) feedback affects galaxy properties and SMBH coalescence. We find that simulations without AGN feedback exhibit excessive star formation, resulting in merger remnants that deviate from observed properties. Kinetic AGN feedback proves more effective than thermal AGN feedback in expelling gas from the centre and quenching star formation. The different central galaxy properties, which are a result of distinct AGN feedback models, lead to varying rates of SMBH orbital decay. In the dynamical friction phase, galaxies with higher star formation and higher SMBH masses possess denser centres, become more resistant to tidal stripping, experience greater dynamical friction, and consequently form SMBH binaries earlier. As AGN feedback reduces gas densities in the centres, dynamical friction by stars dominates over gas. In the SMBH hardening phase, compared to elliptical mergers, disc mergers exhibit higher central densities of newly formed stars, resulting in accelerated SMBH hardening and shorter merger time-scales (i.e. less than or similar to 500 Myr versus greater than or similar to 1 Gyr). Our findings highlight the importance of AGN feedback and its numerical implementation in understanding the SMBH coalescing process, a key focus for low-frequency gravitational wave observatories.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Cosmic ray (CR) hydrodynamics is a (re-)emerging field of high interest due to the importance of CRs for the dynamical evolution of the interstellar, the circumgalactic, and the intracluster medium. In these environments, CRs with GeV energies can influence large-scale dynamics by regulating star formation, driving galactic winds, or altering the pressure balance of galactic haloes. Recent efforts have moved the focus of the community from a one-moment description of CR transport towards a two-moment model as this allows for a more accurate description of the microphysics impacting the CR population. Like all hydrodynamical theories, these two-moment methods require a closure relation for a consistent and closed set of evolution equations. The goal of this paper is to quantify the impact of different closure relations on the resulting solutions. To this end, we review the common P1 and M1 closure relations, derive a new four-moment H1 description for CR transport, and describe how to incorporate CR scattering by Alfven waves into these three hydrodynamical models. While there are significant differences in the transport properties of radiation in the P1 and M1 approximations in comparison to more accurate radiative transfer simulations using the discrete ordinates approximation, we only find small differences between the three hydrodynamical CR transport models in the free-streaming limit when we neglect CR scattering. Most importantly, for realistic applications in the interstellar, circumgalactic, or intracluster medium where CR scattering is frequent, these differences vanish and all presented hydrodynamical models produce the same results.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The SEDIGISM (Structure, Excitation and Dynamics of the Inner Galactic InterstellarMedium) survey used the APEX telescope to map 84 deg(2) of the Galactic plane between l = -60 degrees and +31 degrees in several molecular transitions, including (CO)-C-13(2 - 1) and (CO)-O-18(2 - 1), thus probing the moderately dense (similar to 10(3) cm(-3)) component of the interstellar medium. With an angular resolution of 30 arcsec and a typical 1 sigma sensitivity of 0.8-1.0K at 0.25 km s(-1) velocity resolution, it gives access to a wide range of structures, from individual star-forming clumps to giant molecular clouds and complexes. The coverage includes a good fraction of the first and fourth Galactic quadrants, allowing us to constrain the large-scale distribution of cold molecular gas in the inner Galaxy. In this paper, we provide an updated overview of the full survey and the data reduction procedures used. We also assess the quality of these data and describe the data products that are being made publicly available as part of this First Data Release (DR1). We present integrated maps and position-velocity maps of the molecular gas and use these to investigate the correlation between the molecular gas and the large-scale structural features of the Milky Way such as the spiral arms, Galactic bar and Galactic Centre. We find that approximately 60 per cent of the molecular gas is associated with the spiral arms and these appear as strong intensity peaks in the derived Galactocentric distribution. We also find strong peaks in intensity at specific longitudes that correspond to the Galactic Centre and well-known star-forming complexes, revealing that the 13CO emission is concentrated in a small number of complexes rather than evenly distributed along spiral arms.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The majority of massive black holes (MBHs) likely hosted gas discs during their lifetimes. These could either be long-lived active galactic nuclei (AGN) discs, or shorter-lived discs formed following singular gas infall events, as was likely the case in our own Galactic Centre. Stars and compact objects in such environments are therefore expected to interact with the gaseous disc as they go through it, and potentially become aligned and fully embedded within it. The interactions of embedded stars with the gas could give rise to a plethora of physical processes affecting the stars, including growth through accretion of gas, migration in the disc, stellar captures, and mergers with other stars. The impact of such processes strongly depends on the population of stars that eventually align with the disc and become embedded in it. Here we make use of analytic tools to analyze the alignment process, accounting for both geometric drag and gas dynamical friction. We find that up to similar to 50 per cent of main sequence stars and stellar mass black holes in the central 0.1 pc can align with AGN disc in the Galactic Centre and similar galactic nuclei. The orbits of aligned stars are typically circularized and are prograde with respect to the AGN disc. Furthermore, alignment and accretion are intimately linked, and the capture of stars by an AGN disc can potentially explain the origin of the young stellar disc in the Galactic Centre with a top-heavy mass function, even without the need for a star-formation event.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: In this work we apply the Shannon entropy based method to derive a diffusion or instability time in a triaxial model resembling an elliptical galaxy. We succeed in getting an accurate time-scale for diffusion using this novel technique after adopting a particular initial starting space, the one defined by the unperturbed integrals of the system. Comparisons with other standard techniques, such as a least-squares fit on the variance evolution of the integrals and the straight numerical integrations of the equations of motion, are included. The physical results provided in this effort reveal that the role of chaotic motion in triaxial galactic models is almost irrelevant in galactic time-scales, in agreement with previous qualitative approaches to this issue.; Example output: [['Shannon entropy based method','derives','diffusion time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['Shannon entropy based method','derives','instability time in triaxial elliptical galaxy model'],['unperturbed integrals','define_initial_space','diffusion time estimation'],['least-squares fit on variance evolution','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['numerical integrations of equations of motion','compared_with','Shannon entropy method'],['physical results','reveal','chaotic motion irrelevance in triaxial galactic models'],['chaotic motion in triaxial models','negligible_on','galactic time-scales'],['physical results','agree_with','previous qualitative approaches']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Galaxy models have long predicted that galactic bars slow down by losing angular momentum to their postulated dark haloes. When the bar slows down, resonance sweeps radially outwards through the galactic disc while growing in volume, thereby sequentially capturing new stars at its surface/separatrix. Since trapped stars conserve their action of libration, which measures the relative distance to the resonance centre, the order of capturing is preserved: the surface of the resonance is dominated by stars captured recently at large radius, while the core of the resonance is occupied by stars trapped early at small radius. The slow down of the bar thus results in a rising mean metallicity of trapped stars from the surface towards the centre of the resonance as the Galaxy's metallicity declines towards large radii. This argument, when applied to Solar neighbourhood stars, allows a novel precision measurement of the bar's current pattern speed Omega(p) = 35.5 +/- 0.8 kms(-1) kpc(-1), placing the corotation radius at R-CR = 6.6 +/- 0.2 kpc. With this pattern speed, the corotation resonance precisely fits the Hercules stream in agreement with kinematics. Beyond corroborating the slow bar theory, this measurement manifests the deceleration of the bar of more than 24 per cent since its formation and thus the angular momentum transfer to the dark halo by dynamical friction. The measurement therefore supports the existence of a standard dark-matter halo rather than alternative models of gravity.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The effect of extremely low frequency primordial gravitational wave with arbitrary direction of propagation on a gravitational lens system in expanding universe is investigated. From the point of view of real astrophysical lens model, singular isothermal sphere lens model is adopted in the gravitational lens system. The results show that, under the perturbation from extremely low frequency primordial gravitational wave, time delay in the gravitational lens system is very sensitive to extremely low frequency primordial gravitational wave and could strongly deviate from that deduced from theoretical model. This means that the strongly deviated time delay could be the imprint of extremely low frequency primordial gravitational wave on gravitational lens system, indicating that gravitational lens system could be used as a long baseline detector to detect extremely low frequency primordial gravitational wave.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): While gravitational lens inversion holds great promise to reveal the structure of the light-deflecting mass distribution, both light and dark, the existence of various kinds of degeneracies implies that care must be taken when interpreting the resulting lens models. This article illustrates how thinking in terms of the projected potential helps to gain insight into these matters. Additionally it is shown explicitly how, when starting from a discretized version of the projected potential of one particular lens model, the technique of quadratic programming can be used to create a multitude of equivalent lens models that preserve all or a subset of lens properties. This method is applied to a number of scenarios, showing the lack of grasp on the mass outside the strong lensing region, revisiting mass redistribution in between images, and applying this to a recent model of the SDSS J1004+4112 cluster, as well as illustrating the generalized mass sheet degeneracy and source-position transformation. In the case of J1004, we show that this mass redistribution did not succeed at completely eliminating a dark mass clump recovered by grale near one of the quasar images.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Since the first detection of gravitational waves in 2015, gravitational-wave astronomy has emerged as a rapidly advancing field that holds great potential for studying the cosmos, from probing the properties of black holes to testing the limits of our current understanding of gravity. One important aspect of gravitational-wave astronomy is the phenomenon of gravitational lensing, where massive intervening objects can bend and magnify gravitational waves, providing a unique way to probe the distribution of matter in the Universe, as well as finding applications to fundamental physics, astrophysics, and cosmology. However, current models for gravitational-wave millilensing-a specific form of lensing where small-scale astrophysical objects can split a gravitational wave signal into multiple copies-are often limited to simple isolated lenses, which is not realistic for complex lensing scenarios. In this paper, we present a novel phenomenological approach to incorporate millilensing in data analysis in a model-independent fashion. Our approach enables the recovery of arbitrary lens configurations without the need for extensive computational lens modelling, making it a more accurate and computationally efficient tool for studying the distribution of matter in the Universe using gravitational-wave signals. When gravitational-wave lensing observations become possible, our method could provide a powerful tool for studying complex lens configurations in the future.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): In a strong gravitational lensing system, the distorted light from a source is analysed to infer the properties of the lens. However, light emitted by the lens itself can contaminate the image of the source, introducing systematic errors in the analysis. We present a simple and efficient lens light model based on the well-tested multi-Gaussian expansion (MGE) method for representing galaxy surface brightness profiles, which we combine with a semi-linear inversion scheme for pixelized source modelling. Testing it against realistic mock lensing images, we show that our scheme can fit the lensed images to the noise level, with relative differences between the true input and best-fitting lens light model remaining below 5 per cent. We apply the MGE lens light model to 38 lenses from the HST SLACS sample. We find that the new scheme provides a good fit for the majority of the sample with only 3 exceptions - these show clear asymmetric residuals in the lens light. We examine the radial dependence of the ellipticity and position angles and confirm that it is common for a typical lens galaxy to exhibit twisting non-elliptical isophotes and boxy / disky isophotes. Our MGE lens light model will be a valuable tool for understanding the hidden complexity of the lens mass distribution.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Gravitational lensing is the phenomenon where the presence of matter (called a lens) bends the path of light-like trajectories travelling nearby. Similar to the geometric optics limit of electromagnetic waves, gravitational lensing of gravitational waves (GWs) can occur in geometric optics condition when GW wavelength is much smaller than the Schwarzschild radius of the lens, that is, lambda(GW ) << R-lens(S). This is known as the strong lensing regime for which a multiple-image system with different magnifications and phase shifts is formed. We developed GLANCE, Gravitational Lensing Authenticator using Non-modelled Cross-correlation Exploration, a novel technique to detect strongly lensed GW signals. We demonstrate that cross-correlation between two noisy reconstruction of polarized GW signals shows a non-zero value when the signals are lensed counterparts. The relative strength between the signal cross-correlation and noise cross-correlation can quantify the significance of the event(s) being lensed. Since lensing biases the inference of source parameters, primarily the luminosity distance, a joint parameter estimation of the source and lens-induced parameters is incorporated using a Bayesian framework. We applied GLANCE to synthetic strong lensing data and showed that it can detect lensed GW signals and correctly constrain the injected source and lens parameters, even when one of the signals is below match-filtered threshold signal-to-noise ratio. This demonstrates GLANCE's capability as a robust detection technique for strongly lensed GW signals and can distinguish between lensed and unlensed events.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Photometric wide-area observations in the next decade will be capable of detecting a large number of galaxy-scale strong gravitational lenses, increasing the gravitational lens sample size by orders of magnitude. To aid in forecasting and analysis of these surveys, we construct a flexible model based on observed distributions for the lens and source properties and test it on the results of past lens searches, including SL2S, SuGOHI, and searches on the COSMOS HST and DES fields. We use this model to estimate the expected yields of some current and planned surveys, including Euclid Wide, Vera Rubin LSST, and Roman High Latitude Wide Area. The model proposed includes a set of free parameters to constrain on the identifiability of a lens in an image, allowing construction of prior probability distributions for different lens detection methods. The code used in this work is made publicly available.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Gravitational wave (GW) galaxy lens reconstruction is a crucial step for many GW lensing science applications. However, dark siren GW lensing without observed electromagnetic (EM) counterpart suffers from similarity transformation and mass-sheet degeneracy. We review these two degeneracies and discuss their implications on GW-based lens reconstruction and two well-known GW lensing science cases: Hubble constant measurement and testing modified GW propagation. Building upon previous works, our conclusions are (1) GWs can only infer the scale-free lens model parameters, dimensionless source position, GW luminosity distance and time-delay scaling (a combination of Einstein radius, redshifts, and cosmology). (2) Lens reconstruction (of singular isothermal ellipsoid lens) with only two GW signals is unlikely to yield a complete lens model, while four (three) signals can measure all the above parameters accurately (with large uncertainties). (3) The similarity transformation degeneracy causes the redshifts/Einstein radius/cosmology to be degenerate in dark siren measurements. Breaking the degeneracy can be achieved by supplementing the GWs with EM observation of lens redshifts/Einstein radius (source redshift is not required). (4) The mass-sheet degeneracy causes the GW luminosity distance to be degenerate with a constant mass sheet. (5) Contrary to expectation, the Hubble constant is degenerate with the mass-sheet even when supplemented with EM counterpart and can only be lifted with lens galaxy velocity dispersion measurement, while modified GW propagation test is unaffected. These properties highlight the need for GW observations to be supplemented by EM observations, which could become accessible through a lens archival search or a rapid EM follow-up.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Wave effects in lensing form a rich phenomenon at the intersection of classical caustic singularities and quantum interference, yet are notoriously difficult to model. Due to a large number of recently observed pulsars and fast radio bursts in radio astronomy and the prospected increase in sensitivity of gravitational wave detectors, wave effects have already been observed in plasma lensing and will be observed in gravitational lensing in the near future. The interference fringes are sensitive to physical parameters, which cannot be inferred from geometric optics. In particular, for multiplane lensing, the pattern depends on the redshifts of the lens planes. I present a new method to define and efficiently evaluate multiplane lensing of coherent electromagnetic waves by plasmas and gravitational lenses in polynomial time. This method will allow the use of radio and gravitational-wave sources to probe our universe in novel ways.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Strong gravitational lensing can be used to find otherwise invisible dark matter subhaloes. In such an analysis, the lens galaxy mass model is a significant source of systematic uncertainty. In this paper, we analyse the effect of angular complexity in the lens model. We use multipole perturbations that introduce low-order deviations from pure ellipticity in the isodensity contours, keeping the radial density profile fixed. We find that, in Hubble Space Telescope-like data, multipole perturbations consistent with those seen in galaxy isophotes are very effective at causing false positive substructure detections. We show that the effectiveness of this degeneracy depends on the deviation from a pure ellipse and the lensing configuration. We find that, when multipoles of 1 per cent are allowed in the lens model, the area in the observation where a subhalo could be detected drops by a factor of 3. Sensitivity away from the lensed images is mostly lost. However, the mass limit of detectable objects on or close to the lensed images does not change. We do not expect the addition of multipole perturbations to lens models to have a significant effect on the ability of strong lensing to constrain the underlying dark matter model. However, given the high rate of false positive detections, angular complexity beyond the elliptical power law should be included for such studies to be reliable. We discuss implications for previous detections and future work.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): One of the frontiers for advancing what is known about dark matter lies in using strong gravitational lenses to characterize the population of the smallest dark matter haloes. There is a large volume of information in strong gravitational lens images - the question we seek to answer is to what extent we can refine this information. To this end, we forecast the detectability of a mixed warm and cold dark matter scenario using the anomalous flux ratio method from strong gravitational lensed images. The halo mass function of the mixed dark matter scenario is suppressed relative to cold dark matter but still predicts numerous low-mass dark matter haloes relative to warm dark matter. Since the strong lensing signal receives a contribution from a range of dark matter halo masses and since the signal is sensitive to the specific configuration of dark matter haloes, not just the halo mass function, degeneracies between different forms of suppression in the halo mass function, relative to cold dark matter, can arise. We find that, with a set of lenses with different configurations of the main deflector and hence different sensitivities to different mass ranges of the halo mass function, the different forms of suppression of the halo mass function between the warm dark matter model and the mixed dark matter model can be distinguished with 40 lenses with Bayesian odds of 30:1.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): With the advent of next-generation surveys and the expectation of discovering huge numbers of strong gravitational lens systems, much effort is being invested into developing automated procedures for handling the data. The several orders of magnitude increase in the number of strong galaxy-galaxy lens systems is an insurmountable challenge for traditional modelling techniques. Whilst machine learning techniques have dramatically improved the efficiency of lens modelling, parametric modelling of the lens mass profile remains an important tool for dealing with complex lensing systems. In particular, source reconstruction methods are necessary to cope with the irregular structure of high-redshift sources. In this paper, we consider a convolutional neural network (CNN) that analyses the outputs of semi-analytic methods that parametrically model the lens mass and linearly reconstruct the source surface brightness distribution. We show the unphysical source reconstructions that arise as a result of incorrectly initialized lens models can be effectively caught by our CNN. Furthermore, the CNN predictions can be used to automatically reinitialize the parametric lens model, avoiding unphysical source reconstructions. The CNN, trained on reconstructions of lensed Sersic sources, accurately classifies source reconstructions of the same type with a precision P > 0.99 and recall R > 0.99. The same CNN, without retraining, achieves P = 0.89 and R = 0.89 when classifying source reconstructions of more complex lensed Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF) sources. Using the CNN predictions to reinitialize the lens modelling procedure, we achieve a 69 per cent decrease in the occurrence of unphysical source reconstructions. This combined CNN and parametric modelling approach can greatly improve the automation of lens modelling.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): If the gravitational lens is surrounded by non-homogeneous plasma, in addition to the vacuum gravitational deflection, chromatic refraction occurs. Also, the speed of signal propagation decreases compared to a vacuum. In this article, we investigate analytically the time delay in the case of gravitational lensing in plasma, focusing on strong lens systems. We take into account the following contributions: geometric delay due to trajectory bending in the presence of both gravity and plasma; potential delay of the ray in the gravitational field of the lens; dispersion delay in the plasma due to decrease in the speed of light signal in the medium. We consider the singular isothermal sphere as a model of a gravitational lens and the arbitrary spherically symmetric distribution of surrounding plasma. For this scenario, plasma corrections for the time delay between two images are found in a compact analytical form convenient for estimates.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The recent rapid growth of the black hole (BH) catalogue from gravitational waves (GWs) has allowed us to study the substructure of black hole mass function (BHMF) beyond the simplest power-law distribution. However, the BH masses inferred from binary BH merger events, may be systematically 'brightened' or 'dimmed' by the gravitational lensing effect. In this work, we investigate the impact of gravitational lensing on the BHMF inference considering the detection of the third-generation GW detector - the Einstein Telescope (ET). We focus on high redshift, z = 10 in order to obtain the upper limits of this effect. We use Monte Carlo (MC) method to simulate the data adopting three original BHMFs under Un-Lensed and Lensed scenarios, then recover the parameters of BHMFs from the mock data, and compare the difference of results, respectively. We found that all the parameters are well recovered within one standard deviation(std., 1 sigma), and all three BHMF models are reconstructed within 68 per cent credible interval, suggesting that lensing would not change the main structure drastically, even at very high redshifts and with high precision of ET. And the modest influence beyond 50M(circle dot), depends on the modeling of the high mass tail or substructure of BHMF. We conclude that the impact of lensing on BHMF inference with ET can be safely ignored in the foreseeable future. Careful handling of lensing effects is required only when focusing on an accurate estimation of the high mass end of BHMF at high redshifts.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): In this work we present RELENSING, a package written in PYTHON whose goal is to model galaxy clusters from gravitational lensing. With RELENSING we extend the amount of software available, which provides the scientific community with a wide range of models that help us to compare and therefore validate the physical results that rely on them. We implement a free-form approach which computes the gravitational deflection potential on an adaptive irregular grid, from which one can characterize the cluster and its properties as a gravitational lens. Here, we use two alternative penalty functions to constrain strong lensing. We apply RELENSING to two toy models, in order to explore under which conditions one can get a better performance in the reconstruction. We find that by applying a smoothing to the deflection potential, we are able to increase the capability of this approach to recover the shape and size of the mass profile of galaxy clusters, as well as its magnification map. This translates into a better estimation of the critical and caustic curves. The power that the smoothing provides is also tested on the simulated clusters Ares and Hera, for which we get an rms on the lens plane of similar to 0.17 arcsec and similar to 0.16 arcsec, respectively. Our results represent an improvement with respect to reconstructions that were carried out with methods of the same nature as RELENSING. In its current state, RELENSING is available upon request.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Using a single gravitational lens system observed at less than or similar to 5mas resolution with very long baseline interferometry, we place a lower bound on the mass of the fuzzy dark matter (FDM) particle, ruling out m(chi) <= 4.4 x 10(-21)eV with a 20:1 posterior odds ratio relative to a smooth lens model. We generalize our result to non-scalar and multiple-field models, such as vector FDM, with m(chi,vec) > 1.4 x 10(-21)eV. Due to the extended source structure and high angular resolution of the observation, our analysis is directly sensitive to the presence of granule structures in the main dark matter halo of the lens, which is the most generic prediction of FDM theories. A model based on well-understood physics of ultra-light dark matter fields in a gravitational potential well makes our result robust to a wide range of assumed dark matter fractions and velocity dispersions in the lens galaxy. Our result is competitive with other lower bounds on m(chi) from past analyses, which rely on intermediate modelling of structure formation and/or baryonic effects. Higher resolution observations taken at 10-100 GHz could improve our constraints by up to two orders of magnitude in the future.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We investigate whether the shapes of galaxy clusters inferred from weak gravitational lensing can be used as a test of the nature of dark matter. We analyse mock weak lensing data, with gravitational lenses extracted from cosmological simulations run with two different dark matter models: cold dark matter (CDM) and self-interacting dark matter (SIDM). We fit elliptical Navarro-Frenk-White profiles to the shear fields of the simulated clusters. Despite large differences in the distribution of 3D shapes between CDM and SIDM, we find that the distributions of weak-lensing-inferred cluster shapes are almost indistinguishable. We trace this information loss to two causes. First, weak lensing measures the shape of the projected mass distribution, not the underlying 3D shape, and projection effects wash out some of the difference. Secondly, weak lensing is most sensitive to the projected shape of clusters, on a scale approaching the virial radius (similar to 1.5 Mpc), whereas SIDM shapes differ most from CDM in the inner halo. We introduce a model for the mass distribution of galaxy clusters where the ellipticity of the mass distribution can vary with distance to the centre of the cluster. While this mass distribution does not enable weak lensing data to distinguish between CDM and SIDM with cluster shapes (the ellipticity at small radii is poorly constrained by weak lensing), it could be useful when modelling combined strong and weak gravitational lensing of clusters.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Recent analyses show that ?CDM-based models optimized to reproduce the clustering of massive galaxies overestimate their gravitational lensing by about 30 per cent, the so-called lensing is low problem. Using a state-of-the-art hydrodynamical simulation, we show that this discrepancy reflects shortcomings in standard galaxy-halo connection models rather than tensions within the ?CDM paradigm itself. Specifically, this problem results from ignoring a variety of galaxy formation effects, including assembly bias, segregation of satellite galaxies relative to dark matter, and baryonic effects on the matter distribution. All these effects contribute towards overestimating gravitational lensing, and when combined, explain the amplitude and scale dependence of the lensing is low problem. We conclude that simplistic galaxy-halo connection models are inadequate to interpret clustering and lensing simultaneously, and that it is crucial to employ more sophisticated models for the upcoming generation of large-scale surveys.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Gravitational lensing has long been used to measure or constrain cosmology models. Although the lensing effect of gravitational waves has not been observed by LIGO/Virgo, it is expected that there can be a few to a few hundred lensed events to be detected by the future Japanese space-borne interferometers DECIGO and B-DECIGO, if they are running for 4 years. Given the predicted lensed gravitational wave events, one can estimate the constraints on the cosmological parameters via the lensing statistics and the time delay methods. With the lensing statistics method, the knowledge of the lens redshifts, even with the moderate uncertainties, will set the tight bound on the energy density parameter Omega(M) for matter, that is, 0.288 less than or similar to Omega(M) less than or similar to 0.314 at best. The constraint on the Hubble constant H-0 can be determined using the time delay method. It is found out that at 5 sigma, vertical bar delta H-0 vertical bar /H-0 ranges from 3 per cent to 11 per cent for DECIGO, and B-DECIGO will give less constrained results, 8 per cent to 15 per cent. In this work, the uncertainties on the luminosity distance and the time delay distance are set to be 10 per cent and 20 per cent, respectively. The improvement on measuring these distances will tighten the bounds.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): The expected event rate of lensed gravitational wave sources scales with the merger rate at redshift z >= 1, where the optical depth for lensing is high. It is commonly assumed that the merger rate of the astrophysical compact objects is closely connected with the star formation rate, which peaks around redshift z similar to 2. However, a major source of uncertainty is the delay time between the formation and merger of compact objects. We explore the impact of delay time on the lensing event rate. We show that as the delay time increases, the peak of the merger rate of gravitational wave sources gets deferred to a lower redshift. This leads to a reduction in the event rate of the lensed events which are detectable by the gravitational wave detectors. We show that for a delay time of around 10 Gyr or larger, the lensed event rate can be less than one per year for the design sensitivity of LIGONirgo. We also estimate the merger rate for lensed sub-threshold for different delay time scenarios, finding that for larger delay times the number of lensed sub-threshold events is reduced, whereas for small-delay time models they are significantly more frequent. This analysis shows for the first time that lensing is a complementary probe to explore different formation channels of binary systems by exploiting the lensing event rate from the well-detected events and sub-threshold events which are measurable using the network of gravitational wave detectors.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We search for gravitational wave (GW) events from LIGO-Virgo's third run that may have been affected by gravitational lensing. Gravitational lensing delays the arrival of GWs, and alters their amplitude - thus biasing the inferred progenitor masses. This would provide a physically well-understood interpretation of GW detections in the 'mass gap' between neutron stars and black holes, as gravitationally lensed binary neutron star (BNS) mergers. We selected three GW detections in LIGO-Virgo's third run for which the probability of at least one of the constituent compact objects being in the mass gap was reported as high with low latency - i.e. candidate lensed BNS mergers. Our observations of powerful strong lensing clusters located adjacent to the peak of their sky localization error maps reached a sensitivity AB similar or equal to 25.5 in the z' band with the GMOS instruments on the Gemini telescopes, and detected no candidate lensed optical counterparts. We combine recent kilonova light-curve models with recent predictions of the lensed BNS population and the properties of the objects that we followed up to show that realistic optical counterparts were detectable in our observations. Further detailed analysis of two of the candidates suggests that they are a plausible pair of images of the same low-mass binary black hole merger, lensed by a local galaxy or small group of galaxies. This further underlines that access to accurate mass information with low latency would improve the efficiency of candidate lensed BNS selection.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We present radio observations of 24 confirmed and candidate strongly lensed quasars identified by the Gaia Gravitational Lenses working group. We detect radio emission from eight systems in 5.5 and 9 GHz observations with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA), and 12 systems in 6 GHz observations with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA). The resolution of our ATCA observations is insufficient to resolve the radio emission into multiple lensed images, but we do detect multiple images from 11 VLA targets. We have analysed these systems using our observations in conjunction with existing optical measurements, including measuring offsets between the radio and optical positions for each image and building updated lens models. These observations significantly expand the existing sample of lensed radio quasars, suggest that most lensed systems are detectable at radio wavelengths with targeted observations, and demonstrate the feasibility of population studies with high-resolution radio imaging.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Optimal extraction of cosmological information from observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) critically relies on our ability to accurately undo the distortions caused by weak gravitational lensing. In this work, we demonstrate the use of denoising diffusion models in performing Bayesian lensing reconstruction. We show that score-based generative models can produce accurate, uncorrelated samples from the CMB lensing convergence map posterior, given noisy CMB observations. To validate our approach, we compare the samples of our model to those obtained using established Hamiltonian Monte Carlo methods, which assume a Gaussian lensing potential. We then go beyond this assumption of Gaussianity, and train and validate our model on non-Gaussian lensing data, obtained by ray-tracing N-body simulations. We demonstrate that in this case, samples from our model have accurate non-Gaussian statistics beyond the power spectrum. The method provides an avenue towards more efficient and accurate lensing reconstruction, which does not rely on an approximate analytical description of the posterior probability. The reconstructed lensing maps can be used as an unbiased tracer of the matter distribution, and to improve delensing of the CMB, resulting in more precise cosmological parameter inference.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Gravitational lensing describes the bending of the trajectories of light and gravitational waves due to the gravitational potential of a massive object. Strong lensing by galaxies can create multiple images with different overall amplifications, arrival times, and image types. If, furthermore, the gravitational wave encounters a star along its trajectory, microlensing will take place. Previously, it has been shown that the effects of microlenses on strongly-lensed type-I images could be negligible in practice, at least in the low magnification regime. In this work, we study the same effect on type-II strongly-lensed images by computing the microlensing amplification factor. As opposed to being magnified, type-II images are typically demagnified. Moreover, microlensing on top of type-II images induces larger mismatches with un-microlensed waveforms than type-I images. These results are broadly consistent with recent literature and serve to confirm the findings. In addition, we investigate the possibility of detecting and analysing microlensed signals through Bayesian parameter estimation with an isolated point mass lens template, which has been adopted in recent parameter estimation literature. In particular, we simulate gravitational waves microlensed by a microlens embedded in a galaxy potential near moderately magnified type-I and II macroimages, with variable lens masses, source parameters and macromagnifcations. Generally, an isolated point mass model could be used as an effective template to detect a type-II microlensed image but not for type-I images, demonstrating the necessity for more realistic microlensing search templates.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Strong gravitational lens system catalogues are typically used to constrain a combination of cosmological and empirical power- law lens mass model parameters, often introducing additional empirical parameters and constraints from high resolution imagery. We investigate these lens models using Bayesian methods through a novel alternative that treats spatial curvature via the nonFLRW timescape cosmology. We apply Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods using the catalogue of 161 lens systems of Chen et al., in order to constrain both lens and cosmological parameters for: (i) the standard ACDM model with zero spatial curvature; and (ii) the timescape model. We then generate large mock data sets to further investigate the choice of cosmology on fitting simple power-law lens models. In agreement with previous results, we find that in combination with single isothermal sphere parameters, models with zero FLRW spatial curvature fit better as the free parameter approaches an unphysical empty universe, S2M0 -> 0. By contrast, the timescape cosmology is found to prefer parameter values in which its cosmological parameter, the present void fraction, is driven to f(v0) -> 0 . 73 and closely matches values that best fit independent cosmological data sets: supernovae Ia distances and the cosmic microwave background. This conclusion holds for a large range of seed values f(v0)is an element of{ 0 . 1 , 0 . 9 }, and for timescape fits to both timescape and FLRW mocks. Regardless of cosmology, unphysical estimates of the distance ratios given from power-law lens models result in poor goodness of fit. With larger data sets soon available, separation of cosmology and lens models must be addressed.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Line-of-sight effects in strong gravitational lensing have long been treated as a nuisance. However, it was recently proposed that the line-of-sight shear could be a cosmological observable in its own right, if it is not degenerate with lens model parameters. We first demonstrate that the line-of-sight shear can be accurately measured from a simple simulated strong lensing image with per cent precision. We then extend our analysis to more complex simulated images and stress test the recovery of the line-of-sight shear when using deficient fitting models, finding that it escapes from degeneracies with lens model parameters, albeit at the expense of the precision. Lastly, we check the validity of the tidal approximation by simulating and fitting an image generated in the presence of many line-of-sight dark matter haloes, finding that an explicit violation of the tidal approximation does not necessarily prevent one from measuring the line-of-sight shear.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We present a new gravitational lens modelling technique designed to model high-resolution interferometric observations with large numbers of visibilities without the need to pre-average the data in time or frequency. We demonstrate the accuracy of the method using validation tests on mock observations. Using small data sets with similar to 10(3) visibilities, we first compare our approach with the more traditional direct Fourier transform (DFT) implementation and direct linear solver. Our tests indicate that our source inversion is indistinguishable from that of the DFT. Our method also infers lens parameters to within 1 to 2 per cent of both the ground truth and DFT, given sufficiently high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). When the SNR is as low as 5, both approaches lead to errors of several tens of per cent in the lens parameters and a severely disrupted source structure, indicating that this is related to the SNR and choice of priors rather than the modelling technique itself. We then analyse a large data set with similar to 10(8) visibilities and a SNR matching real global Very Long Baseline Interferometry observations of the gravitational lens system MG J0751+2716. The size of the data is such that it cannot be modelled with traditional implementations. Using our novel technique, we find that we can infer the lens parameters and the source brightness distribution, respectively, with an RMS error of 0.25 and 0.97 per cent relative to the ground truth.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): We show that convolution neural networks (CNNs) trained to find strong gravitational lens systems are biased towards systems with larger Einstein radii and large concentrated sources. This selection function is key to fully realizing the potential of the large samples of strong gravitational lens systems that will be found in upcoming wide-field surveys. In this paper, we use a CNN and three training data sets to quantify the network selection function and its implication for the many scientific applications of strong gravitational lensing. We use CNNs with similar architecture as is commonly found in the literature. The networks preferentially select systems with larger Einstein radii and larger sources with more concentrated source-light distributions. Increasing the detection significance threshold to 12 sigma from 8 sigma results in 50 per cent of the selected strong lens systems having Einstein radii theta(E) >= 1.04 arcsec from theta(E) >= 0.879 arcsec, source radii R-S >= 0.194 arcsec from R-S >= 0.178 arcsec, and source Sersic indices n(sc)(s) >= 2.62 from n(sc)(s) >= 2.55. The model trained to find lensed quasars shows a stronger preference for higher lens ellipticities than those trained to find lensed galaxies. The selection function is independent of the slope of the power law of the mass profiles, hence measurements of this quantity will be unaffected. The lens finder selection function reinforces that of the lensing cross-section, and thus we expect our findings to be a general result for all galaxy-galaxy and galaxy-quasar lens finding neural networks.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Binary supermassive black hole (SMBH) systems result from galaxy mergers, and will eventually coalesce due to gravitational wave (GW) emission if the binary separation can be reduced to less than or similar to 0.1 pc by other mechanisms. Here, we explore a gravitational self-lensing binary SMBH model for the sharp (duration similar to 1 h), quasi-regular X-ray flares - dubbed quasi-periodic eruptions - recently observed from two low-mass active galactic nuclei: GSN 069 and RX J1301.9+2747. In our model, the binary is observed similar to edge-on, such that each SMBH gravitationally lenses light from the accretion disc surrounding the other SMBH twice per orbital period. The model can reproduce the flare spacings if the current eccentricity of RX J1301.9+2747 is is an element of(0) greater than or similar to 0.16, implying a merger within similar to 1000 yr. However, we cannot reproduce the observed flare profiles with our current calculations. Model flares with the correct amplitude are similar to 2/5 the observed duration, and model flares with the correct duration are similar to 2/5 the observed amplitude. Our modelling yields three distinct behaviours of self-lensing binary systems that can be searched for in current and future X-ray and optical time-domain surveys: (i) periodic lensing flares, (ii) partial eclipses (caused by occultation of the background mini-disc by the foreground mini-disc), and (iii) partial eclipses with a very sharp in-eclipse lensing flare. Discovery of such features would constitute very strong evidence for the presence of a supermassive binary, and monitoring of the flare spacings will provide a measurement of periastron precession.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples.",
  "You are an experienced astronomer skilled in identifying knowledge entities and their relationships within astronomical research papers. Given the abstract section of an astronomical paper as input, please infer as many relational triples or event triples as possible and provide a list of triples following these requirements: Your output must strictly follow the [Entity1, Relationship, Entity2] format with no additional content. Relationships are directional - order matters. Example: Input: Alice and Jack are Bob's friends. Output: [['Alice', 'friend of', 'Bob'], ['Jack', 'friend of', 'Bob']]. Extract entities and relationships specific to astronomy, including: (1) Celestial objects: galaxies, galaxy clusters, constellations, stars, planets & satellites, asteroids & comets, nebulae, pulsars, black holes, etc.; (2) Astronomical phenomena: supernovae, solar flares, planetary transits, eclipses, orbital motions, etc.; (3) Instruments/facilities: telescopes, space probes, observatories, surveys, etc.; (4) Astronomical events: observational campaigns, major discoveries; (5) Theories/models/terms: Big Bang theory, dark matter, gravitational lensing, orbital parameters, stellar spectral classification, etc. Only extract relationships explicitly supported by the text - no speculation. For multi-clause sentences with multiple relationships, extract each separately. Example literature input: When travelling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path. For a massive lens and a good source-lens alignment, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution. These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift. Searches for strongly lensed gravitational waves look for events with similar masses, spins, and sky location and linked through so-called lensing parameters. However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance. To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models. When doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one to be used. Using an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events. In this work, we investigate how one can reduce the false alarm probability when searching for strongly lensed events. We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling. We show that the risks of false alarm are high without the addition of a lens model. We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable, but a model with an incorrect assumption about the underlying lens population causes significant errors in the identification process. We also suggest some strategies to improve confidence in the detection of strongly lensed gravitational waves.; Example output: [['gravitational waves','deflected_by','massive objects'],['strong lensing','produces','multiple gravitational wave images'],['lensed gravitational wave images','separated_in','time'],['lensed gravitational wave images','magnified_by','lensing effects'],['lensed gravitational wave images','undergo','phase shift'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar masses and spins'],['strongly lensed gravitational wave searches','target','events with similar sky locations'],['lensing parameters','link','lensed gravitational wave events'],['lens density profile models','reduce','false alarm probability'],['incorrect lens population assumptions','cause','identification errors'],['lens model variations','tolerable_in','lens parameter estimation'],['strategies','proposed_to','improve lensed gravitational wave detection confidence']]. Now process this actual text (DO NOT repeat examples): Plasma lensing displays interesting characteristics that set it apart from gravitational lensing. The magnetized medium induces birefringence in the two polarization modes. As the lensing deflection grows stronger, e.g. when images form near the critical curve, the geometric delay of the signal can cause rotation in linear polarization, in addition to Faraday rotation. This rotation has a frequency dependence to the power of four. We study the geometric rotation of the lensed image in a Gaussian density model and find that it is necessary to take into account the geometric rotation when estimating magnetized media, especially in the underdense lens. At frequencies of similar to 1 GHz or lower, the geometric rotation can dominate. We simulate the flux of lensed images and find that when the image forms near the lensing critical curve, the birefringence can convert the linear polarization and un-polarization pulse into a circular mode. The lensing magnification has the potential to increase the probability of detecting such events.. Verify repeatedly that the output contains ONLY triples, each triple has EXACTLY three elements, and no explanatory text or formatting beyond the triples."
]